英和和英

語源 1

From 中期英語 dokke, from 古期英語 docce, from Proto-West Germanic *dokkā, from Proto-Germanic *dukkǭ (compare Old Danish dokke (“water-dock”), West Flemish dokke, dokkebladeren (“coltsfoot, butterbur”)), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰew- (“dark”) (compare Latvian duga (“scum, slime on water”)).

名詞

dock (countable and uncountable, plural docks)

1. Any of the genus Rumex of coarse weedy plants with small green flowers related to buckwheat, especially bitter dock (Rumex obtusifolius), and used as potherbs and in folk medicine, especially in curing nettle rash.
   • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto IX”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, page 352:

     And vnder neath him his courageous ſteed, / The fierce Spumador trode them downe like docks […]

2. A burdock plant, or the leaves of that plant.

派生語

語源 2

A horse with a fully docked (etymology 2 sense 1) tail

A dog with a partially docked (etymology 2 sense 1) tail

From 中期英語 dok (“trimmed hair, dock”), from 古期英語 *docce, *docca (as in fingerdocce (“finger muscles”)), from Proto-West Germanic *dokkā, from Proto-Germanic *dukkǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeu-k- (“to spin, shake”).

Compare Icelandic dokkur (“stumpy tail”), Low German Dokke (“bundle of straw”), West Frisian dok (“bunch, ball (twine)”), Albanian dak (“big ram”), Lithuanian dvė̃kti (“to breathe, wheeze”), dvãkas (“breath”), Sanskrit धुक्षति (dhukṣati, “to blow”).

The verb is from 中期英語 dokken (“to cut short, dock, curtail”), derived from the noun.

名詞

dock (plural docks)

1. The fleshy root of an animal's tail; specifically after clipping or cutting.
   • 1681, Nehemiah Grew, Musæum Regalis Societatis. Or A Catalogue & Description of the Natural and Artificial Rarities Belonging to the Royal Society and Preserved at Gresham Colledge. […], London: […] W. Rawlins, for the author, →OCLC:

     The Dock is about 1 inch thick, and two inches broad, like an Apothecaries Spatule. Of what length the whole, is uncertain, this being only part of it, though it looks as if cut off near the Buttock

2. (obsolete) The buttocks or anus.
   • 1665, Charles Cotton, Scarronnides:

     And on a Cuſhion ſtuffed with Flocks, / She clapt her dainty pair of Docks.

3. A leather case used to cover the clipped or cut tail of a horse.

動詞

dock (third-person singular simple present docks, present participle docking, simple past and past participle docked)

1. (transitive) To clip or cut off a section of an animal's tail; to practise a caudectomy.
   • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC, pages 58–59:

     The Celebrity, by arts unknown, induced Mrs. Judge Short and two other ladies to call at Mohair on a certain afternoon when Mr. Cooke was trying a trotter on the track. […] Their example was followed by others at a time when the master of Mohair was superintending in person the docking of some two-year-olds, and equally invisible.

2. (transitive) To reduce (wages); to deduct from (someone).

   Her wages were docked by ten dollars.

   • 2024 July 28, “Priestman 'heartbroken' by drone scandal as funding pulled”, in BBC‎:

     The team have been docked six points at Paris 2024 and Priestman received a one-year football ban from world governing body Fifa.

3. (transitive, informal) To reduce the wages of (a person).

   They docked me ten dollars for breaking the vase.

4. (transitive) To cut off, bar, or destroy.

   to dock an entail

5. (transitive, cooking) To pierce holes, as pricking dough with a fork, to prevent excessive rising in the oven.
   • Emma Christensen (11 July 2008), “How and When to Dock a Pie Crust”, in The Kitchn‎:

     Pricking holes in the rolled-out pie dough allows the steam to escape while it's baking. Without this, the steam would puff up in bubbles and pockets throughout the crust, which would make some parts of the crust cook too quickly and also result in an uneven surface for your filling. Docking is simple. Just roll out your pie dough and lift it into the pan. After pressing it in and shaping the edge, prick it all over with a fork.

語源 3

A dock (etymology 3 sense 1, etymology 3 sense 2) for cruise ships

A laptop docking (etymology 3 sense 5) station

A GUI dock (etymology 3 sense 6) on Linux

From Early Modern English meaning "area of mud in which a ship can rest at low tide, dock", borrowed from either Dutch dok (“dock, wharf”) or Middle Low German docke (“dock, wharf”), both from Middle Dutch docke (“port, harbour”), of uncertain origin. The original sense may have been "the furrow a grounded vessel makes in a mud bank". Compare Danish dok, Dutch dok, West Frisian dok, German Dock, Low German Dock, Swedish docka.

Some sources link this word to an unattested Middle Dutch *docke (“watercourse, trench, canal”), which is a ghost word, only being inferred from Mediaeval Latin documents in the form of ducta, doctus, doccia (“conduit, canal”). However, if this theory is correct, then it would relate the word to Italian doccia (“drainpipe”), making dock a doublet of douche and duct.

An alternative theory ties Middle Dutch docke to a North Germanic or Scandinavian source, notably Old Norse dǫkk, dökð (“depression in the landscape, pit, pool, trench”); compare Icelandic dökk, Norwegian dokk (“hollow, low ground”), Swedish dank (“marshy ground”). If so, this would make dock a doublet of dank.

名詞

dock (plural docks)

1. (US, nautical) A fixed structure attached to shore to which a vessel is secured when in port; usually for loading and unloading.

   Synonyms: dockyard, pier, quay, wharf

   Hypernyms: mooring, moorage

   • 1910, Emerson Hough, “A Lady in Company”, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

     With just the turn of a shoulder she indicated the water front, where, at the end of the dock on which they stood, lay the good ship, Mount Vernon, river packet, the black smoke already pouring from her stacks.

2. (UK, nautical) The body of water next to and around a pier.

   Synonyms: harbor (US), harbour (UK), slip, berth

3. The area of arrival and departure of a train in a railway station.
4. A section of a hotel or restaurant.

   coffee dock

5. (electronics) A device designed as a base for holding a connected portable appliance for providing the necessary electrical charge for its autonomy, or as a hardware extension for additional capabilities.

   Hyponym: docking station

6. (graphical user interface) A toolbar that provides the user with a way of launching applications by their icons, and switching between running applications.
7. An act or instance of docking; joining two things together.
8. (theater) Ellipsis of scene-dock.

派生語

動詞

dock (third-person singular simple present docks, present participle docking, simple past and past participle docked)

1. (intransitive) To land at a harbour.

   Coordinate terms: berth, moor

   • 29 February 2012, Aidan Foster-Carter, BBC News North Korea: The denuclearisation dance resumes[4]

     On 28 February, for example, a US Navy ship docked in Nampo, the port for Pyongyang, with equipment for joint searches for remains of US soldiers missing from the 1950-1953 Korean War. China may look askance at the US and North Korean militaries working together like this.

2. To join two moving items.

   to dock spacecraft

   • 2013 June 1, “Ideas coming down the track”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8838, page 13 (Technology Quarterly):

     A “moving platform” scheme […] is more technologically ambitious than maglev trains even though it relies on conventional rails. Local trains would use side-by-side rails to roll alongside intercity trains and allow passengers to switch trains by stepping through docking bays.

3. (astronautics) To move a spaceship into its dock/berth under its own power.
4. (intransitive, slang, vulgar) In male homosexual sex, to engage in docking, the inserting of the tip of one participant's penis into the foreskin of the other participant.
5. (transitive, graphical user interface) To drag a user interface element (such as a toolbar) to a position on screen where it snaps into place.
6. (transitive) To place (an electronic device) in its dock.

   I docked the laptop and allowed it to recharge for an hour.

反意語

派生語

語源 4

Originally criminal slang; from or akin to obsolete Dutch (West Flemish) dok (“cage, hutch”) or docke (“cage”), possibly from Middle Dutch docke (“block, wooden object”), related to Middle Low German docke (“tenon, banister rod, bench cheek, side panel of a pew”), of uncertain origin.

名詞

dock (plural docks)

1. (law) Part of a courtroom where the accused sits.

派生語

参照

Further reading

• “dock”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
• “dock”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, launched 2000.