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Wiktionary英語版での「Calends」の意味 |
calends
語源
From Middle English calendes, calendas, calendis, kalandes, kalendas, kalendes, kalendez, kalendis, kalendus (also in the singular forms calende, kalend, kalende),[1][2] from Latin kalendās, accusative plural of kalendae (“first day of a Roman month”),[2] an archaic variant of calandae, from calandus (“which is to be called または announced solemnly”), the future passive participle of calō (“to call, announce solemnly”) (referring to the Roman practice of proclaiming the first days of the lunar month upon seeing the first signs of a new crescent moon), from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to call, cry, summon”). Although the singular form calend (now 廃れた用法, まれに) appeared in English (and compare 古期英語 calend, kalendus (“calends; a month”)), no singular form was used in Latin as recurring days of the calendar were always referred to in the plural.[3]
Sense 2 (“a day for settling debts かつ other accounts”) refers to the Roman practice of fixing the calends as the day for debts to be paid.[4]
名詞
calends pl (複数形 only)
- Often with initial capital: the first day of a month
- 1851, Henry T[homas] Riley, “Introduction. [On the Reckoning of Time among the Romans.]”, in Ovid; Henry T. Riley, transl., The Fasti, Tristia, Pontic Epstles, Ibis, and Halieuticon of Ovid. Literally Translated into English Prose, with Copious Notes, London: H[enry] G[eorge] Bohn, […], OCLC 1026487554, pages xiii–xiv:
- The Romans did not, as we do, count the days of the month in a regular numerical succession, but reckoned them with reference to three principal points of time—the Calends, the Nones, and Ides. The first day of every month was entitled its Calends. [...] The Calends were originally the day of the new moon, which received its name from the fact that on that day the Pontifex addressed the moon in presence of the people, in the words "Calo te, Jana Novella," "I call upon thee, new moon," which was repeated as many times as intimated to his hearers the number of days before the arrival of the Nones.
- 1852, John Whitgift, “Of the Communion Book. Tract IX. The General Faults Examined wherewith the Public Service is Charged by T[homas] C[artwright]”, in John Ayre, editor, The Works of John Whitgift, D.D., […] The Second Portion, Containing the Defence of the Answer to the Admonition against the Reply of Thomas Cartwright: Tractates VII–X (Publications of the Parker Society; no. 48), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Printed at the University Press, OCLC 912909502, chapter i, 8th division, page 447:
- 1911 March, E. C. Vansittart, “Some Roman Festivals and Customs: Ancient and Modern”, in The Antiquary: A Magazine Devoted to the Study of the Past, volume XLVII, London: Elliot Stock, […], OCLC 989990587, pages 90–91:
- Among the ancient Romans it was an annual institution for every family to give a banquet, to which only near relatives were bidden. On this occasion family feuds were healed, and all envy, hatred, and malice, laid aside; as an emblem of restored harmony, gifts were interchanged. This ceremony took place during the festival known as Carisia, held in honour of the goddess Concord, and was celebrated during the eight days preceding the Calends of March (February 22 to March 1).
- 1967, Agnes Kirsopp Michels, “The Pre-Julian Calendar”, in The Calendar of the Roman Republic, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, OCLC 639126828, part I (The Calendar of the First Century B.C.), page 21:
- The interesting thing about these ceremonies is that they must have originated in a period when the Romans were using true lunar months based on the observation of the crescent moon. The Kalends then would have been the day after the evening on which the crescent had been first sighted, the Nones would have been the first day when the moon was at the first quarter [...] In the calendar of the late Republic the lunar months have disappeared and the days have been fixed into a rigid pattern.
- 2011, Macrobius, chapter 14, in Robert A. Kaster, transl., Saturnalia (Loeb Classical Library), Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University Press, →ISBN, book I, section 9, page 171:
- [March, May, Quintilis, and October] also have their Nones on the seventh, as [[wikipedia:Numa [Pompilius|Numa [Pompilius]] ordained, because Julius Caesar changed nothing about them. As for January, Sextilis, and December, they still have their Nones on the fifth, though they began to have thirty-one days after Caesar added two days to each, and it is nineteen days from their Ides to the following Kalends, because in adding the two days Caesar did not want to insert them before either the Nones or the Ides, lest an unprecedented postponement mar religious observance associated with the Nones or Ides themselves, which have a fixed date.
- (by extension) A day for settling debts and other accounts.
- 1644, J[ohn] M[ilton], “To the Parlament of England, with the Assembly”, in The Doctrine or Discipline of Divorce: […], 2nd edition, London: [s.n.], OCLC 868004604:
- (by extension, biblical, Judaism, obsolete) Synonym of Rosh Hodesh (“the Jewish festival of the new moon, which begins the months of the Hebrew calendar”)
- 1809, Claude Fleury, “Their Religion”, in Adam Clarke, transl., The Manners of the Ancient Israelites; […], 3rd edition, London: Sold by William Baynes, […]; J[oseph] Butterworth, […]; and T. Blanshard, […], OCLC 228685334, page 147:
- The feasts of the Israelites were the Sabbath; the first day of each month, called in our translations calends, or new-moon; the three great feasts of the passover, pentecost, and tabernacles, instituted in memory of the three greatest blessings they received from God, [...]
- 1846, [Wilhelm] Gesenius, “חֹדֶשׁ”, in Samuel Prideaux Tregelles, transl., Gesenius’s Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures. Translated, with Additions and Corrections from the Author’s Thesaurus and Other Works, London: Samuel Bagster and Sons, […], OCLC 993914401, page CCLXIII, column 1:
- (rare) Synonym of calendar; (figuratively) an account, a record.
- 1601, Jo[hn] Weever, The Mirror of Martyrs, or The Life and Death of that Thrice Valiant Captaine, and Most Godly Martyre Sir Iohn Old-castle Knight Lord Cobham, [London]: Printed by V[alentine] S[immes] for William Wood, OCLC 228714775; republished in The Hystorie of the Most Noble Knight Plasidas, and Other Rare Pieces; Collected into One Book by Samuel Pepys, […], London: [Printed for the Roxburghe Club by] J[ohn] B[owyer] Nichols and Sons, […], 1873, OCLC 6124591, page 239:
- (figuratively, obsolete) The first day of something; a beginning.
使用する際の注意点
English use of the Roman calendrical term always employs the Romans’ inclusive dating, including the calends itself when counting. Thus, the “third day before the calends of January” (a.d. iii Kal. Ian.) is 30 December: two days before 1 January, not three.
English usage also often follows the Latin contraction of the phrasing, which omits the words ante diem. The 30th of December may appear as the “third calends of January” or the “third of the calends of January”. Thus, the “second calends” (pridie kalendas) of a month is the last day of the month before it; the “third calends” (tertia kalendas) is the day before that; and so on.[5] Because Julius Caesar did not want to move the religious holidays set by nones and ides of the months, he inserted all the additional days of his calendar reform in various places before the calends of the months. The Roman leap day was similarly intercalated as a “second sixth calends” on 25 February in order to avoid affecting the existing holidays of that month.
The variant spelling kalends is more common in modern classical scholarship, reflecting the Roman preference for that spelling.
派生語
- calends of exchange
- Greek calends
関連する語
- calendar
- calendar day
- calendar month
- calendar year
- calendrical
- calendrically
- uncalendared
参照
- ^ “calende(s, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 25 July 2019.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 “calends, kalends, n.”, in OED Online , Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, 1888; “calends, n.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–present.
- ^ Benjamin Hall Kennedy (1871), “Morphology”, in The Public School Latin Grammar for the Use of Schools, Colleges, and Private Students, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., OCLC 19449174, section I (Flexion), § 27 (Anomalous Nouns), page 66; Agnes Kirsopp Michels (1967), “The Pre-Julian Calendar”, in The Calendar of the Roman Republic, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, OCLC 639126828, part I (The Calendar of the First Century B.C.), page 19.
- ^ T[homas] Wilson (1793), “Interest”, in An Archæological Dictionary; Or, Classical Antiquities of the Jews, Greeks, and Romans, Alphabetically Arranged: […], 2nd edition, London: Printed for D. Ogilvy, [et al.], OCLC 221116755, column 2:
- Interest of money, was commonly paid by the Romans on the calends, for they imagined the days after the nones, ides, and calends, unfortunate, but it is more than probable the poor wretches, who had it not in their power to ſatisfy their creditors, would look upon the calends as the moſt unlucky day in all the month. Calends were fixed upon as days of payment, becauſe it was cuſtomary to lend money at ſo much per cent. per month.
- ^ A complete chart of these dates following the Julian reform is available at “Roman Calendar: Conversion to Our Calendar”, in website of Paul Lewis[1], 1999–2005, archived from the original on 3 June 2018.
ウィキペディア英語版での「Calends」の意味 |
Calends
出典:『Wikipedia』 (2011/01/26 12:41 UTC 版)
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