英和和英

別の表記

• ’s

語源

Contractions of various words ending in s.

発音

• (after voiceless consonants except /s/, /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ/) enPR: s, IPA: /s/
• (after a sibilant or affricate)
  • (英国発音) enPR: ĭz, IPA: /ɪz/
  • (米国発音) enPR: ĭz, əz, IPA: /ɪz/, /əz/
  • (General Australian) enPR: əz, IPA: /əz/
• (elsewhere) enPR: z, IPA: /z/
• Homophone: -s

動詞

’s (clitic)

1. Contraction of is.

   The dog’s running after me!

2. Contraction of has.

   The dog’s been chasing the mail carrier again.

3. (proscribed, dialectal, Southern US) Contraction of was.

   It’s a beautiful day yesterday so I’s at the park.

4. (informal) Contraction of does, used only with the auxiliary meaning of does and only after interrogative words.

   What’s he do for a living?

   What’s it say?

   What’s it mean? It means nothing.

   How’s it work?

   Where’s the n in Javanese come from?

使用する際の注意点

• Like 've, in many dialects, -'s is only used to mark the perfect aspect ("He's finished his work" = "He has finished his work"), not to signify possession ("She has something"), necessity ("It has to end"), etc. In others, 's is used more broadly; this is sometimes proscribed.

派生語

関連する語

参考

代名詞

’s (clitic)

1. Contraction of us, found in the formula let's which is used to form first-person plural imperatives.

   What are you guys waiting for? Let’s go!

   • c. 1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Winters Tale”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii], page 277, column 2:

     Wee'le part the time betweene's then: and in that
     Ile no gaine-ſaying.

限定詞

’s

1. (poetic) Contraction of his.

   Duncan’s in’s grave

接続詞

’s

1. (UK, dialect) Contraction of as, when it is (nonstandardly) used as a relative conjunction, or like a relative pronoun, meaning "that".

   All’s he wanted was to go home.

派生語

副詞

’s (not comparable)

1. (UK, dialect) Contraction of as.
   • 1922, E. F. Benson, Negotium Perambulans:

     He takes his bottle of whisky a day and gets drunk’s a lord in the evening.

別の表記

• -’s
• -s (now nonstandard)
• -s- (genitival interfix)

発音

• (after voiceless consonants except /s/, /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ/) enPR: s, IPA: /s/
• (after a sibilant or affricate)
  • (英国発音) enPR: ĭz, IPA: /ɪz/
  • (米国発音) enPR: ĭz, əz, IPA: /ɪz/, /əz/
  • (General Australian) enPR: əz, IPA: /əz/
• (elsewhere) enPR: z, IPA: /z/
• Homophone: -s

語源 1

From 中期英語 -s, -es, from 古期英語 -es (“-'s”, masculine and neuter genitive singular ending), from Proto-Germanic *-as, *-is (masculine and neuter genitive singular ending). The apostrophe was added under the false belief that it was a contraction of English his, and retained to distinguish it from the plural. Cognate with Dutch -s, -es (“-'s”), German -s, -es (“-'s”), Danish -s, -es (“-'s”), Swedish -s (“-'s”), Norwegian -s (“-'s”), Icelandic -s (“-'s”).

接尾辞

-'s (enclitic)

1. A possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the noun or noun phrase bearing the marker.

   Jane's house is bigger than Sarah's.

   The cat bit the dog's tail. (the dog + 's)

   The cat bit the dog with the shaggy fur's tail. (the dog with the shaggy fur + 's)

   women's contributions to science

   • 2012 April 15, Phil McNulty, “Tottenham 1-5 Chelsea”, in BBC‎:

     Before kick-off, a section of Chelsea's support sadly let themselves and their club down by noisily interrupting the silence held in memory of the Hillsborough disaster and for Livorno midfielder Piermario Morosini, who collapsed and died after suffering a heart attack during a Serie B game on Saturday.

2. In the absence of a specified object, used to indicate “the house/place/establishment of”.

   We'll arrive at Jose and María's in time for dinner.

   I'm going to the butcher's for a steak.

   I bought it at Tesco's. (see s-form)

   greengrocer's

3. Indicates a purpose or a user.

   You need a driver's license.

   Alex can be a girl's name.

   That's a girl's toy. (A toy intended for use by girls.) — Homographic to: That's a girl's toy. (The toy of a specific girl.)

   people's

4. Used to indicate a quantity of something, especially of time.

   I took three weeks' holiday.

   The rocks lay at about a mile's distance from the shore.

5. Used to indicate various other kinds of relationship, such as source or origin, object of an action, subject depicted, etc.

   She got angry at my niece's trying to lie to us.

   the doctor's help (help provided by the doctor)

   the King's capture (event of the King being captured)

   my father's portrait (portrait depicting my father)

   in Dublin's fair city (in the fair city of Dublin)

   JFK Airport is among America's busiest.

6. (see usage notes) Attached to a noun or noun phrase linked to a genitive of, forming a double genitive (Compare of mine, etc.)

   a friend of Sarah's

   Have you heard this new idea of our boss's?

   • c. 1606–1607 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Anthonie and Cleopatra”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i], page 340, column 1:

     NAy, but this dotage of our Generals
     Ore-flowes the meaſure: […]

使用する際の注意点

• Irregular plurals with endings other than ‘s’ (e.g. children) always take ’s: the children’s voices.
• Words ending in s are made possessive in various ways. Consider:
  • With regular plurals, the apostrophe is placed at the end, i.e. -s' is used (the dogs’ tails, whereas for singular ‘dog’, the dog’s tail).
  • The possessives of names which end in s may be formed using either this suffix (-'s) or bare -' (which see for more). Hence: St. James’s or St. James’, Chris's or Chris', Jesus's or Jesus'. The American Heritage Dictionary (under the entry "possessive") prescribes restricting this to words or names of at least two syllables, such as witness'; in practice, it is found on names of any length, even one syllable. The suffixes used will alter the word's pronunciation; for example: Dickens’ novel /dɪkɪnz nɒvəl/ (identically to (a) Dickens novel), Dickens’s novel /dɪkɪnzɪz nɒvəl/.
• To remedy ambiguity or awkwardness in either speech or print, possessives can generally be recast using of: the tails of the dogs, the paths of St. James.
• When referring to joint possession by multiple people, the standard, formal way to form the possessive is Jack’s and Jill’s pails. However, it is common to treat the pair of names as a noun phrase and to form the possessive of this whole unit instead, using only one ’s: Jack and Jill’s pails. When the possession is not joint (i.e., each possessor has their own possession), the possessiveness is signaled for each possessor; for example, Jack’s and Jill’s pails were leaky and watertight, respectively.
  • In joint possession, when one of the possessors is represented by a possessive pronoun rather than their name, the possessiveness is standardly signaled for each; for example, Jack’s and her pails were leaky. When the first person or second person is used, although forms such as "John and I’s car" for "John’s and my car" are descriptively not rare, they are nonstandard and are grating to some ears; they are thus prescriptively often avoided.
• The use of ’s to make nouns or noun phrases genitive that are seemingly already marked thus by of is widespread in English. It is nearly exclusively used with animate nouns. Its redundancy may often seem unnecessary but sometimes can clarify meaning and in some cases even has no idiomatic alternative; more at Wikipedia at double genitive.
• Nouns that look and sound identical in the singular and plural still do when this suffix is attached, so “one moose” becomes “one moose’s” and “two moose” becomes “two moose’s”.

同意語

• of

派生した語

• → Korean: -스 (-seu)

語源 2

Equivalent to -s, with addition of apostrophe.

接尾辞

-'s

1. (sometimes proscribed) Used to form the plurals of numerals, letters, some abbreviations and some nouns, usually because the omission of an apostrophe would make the meaning unclear or ambiguous.

   There are four 3’s in my phone number.

   “Banana” has three a’s and one b. (apostrophe "s" used so that the plural of “a” is not confused with the word “as”)

   You can buy CD’s in that shop.

   These are the do’s and don’ts. (apostrophe "s" used as “dos” may be misread)

   10’s; 100’s; A+’s; A.U.’s; don’t’s; s’s

2. (obsolete) Used to form plurals of foreign words, to clarify pronunciation, such as “banana’s” or “pasta’s”.

   index’s

3. (proscribed) Used to form the plural of nouns that correctly take just an "s" in the plural. See greengrocer’s apostrophe.

   Apple’s 50p a pound

使用する際の注意点

• The use of ’s to form plurals of initialisms or numerals is not currently recommended by most authorities, except when the meaning would otherwise be unclear. The use in foreign words was common before the 19th century, but is no longer accepted. The use of the apostrophe in any other plural (as in “apple’s”) — the so-called “greengrocer’s apostrophe” — is proscribed.

等位語

• -'d

参考

• its, it’s
• let’s
• greengrocer’s apostrophe

参照

接尾辞

-(s)

1. Added to the end of a singular noun (which normally uses the suffix -s to become plural) to indicate that the noun represents an unknown number which may be one or more than one.

   The dog(s) got into the garden.

   The singer(s) will perform live.

語源 2

From -s (suffix forming the third-person singular indicative present tense of verbs) and ( ) (encloses optional variants or variant elements).

接尾辞

-(s)

1. Added to the end of a verb in place of the suffix -s when the subject of the verb may be one or more than one.

   The dog(s) get(s) into the garden.

   The singer(s) perform(s) live.

参考

• -s

語源 1

Inherited from 中期英語 -s, -es, from 古期英語 -as, nominative-accusative plural ending of masculine a-stem (i.e. strong) declension nouns, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōs, from Proto-Germanic *-ōs, *‑ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-es, *-oes (plural endings). The spread of this ending in later 中期英語 was once argued to have been the result of Anglo-Norman influence; however, -as was already the most common 古期英語 plural marker (used in approximately 40% of 古期英語 nouns), and was initially more common in the North of England where French influence was weakest, only later gradually spreading south, replacing the usual southern plural ending -en. Cognate with Scots -s (plural ending), Saterland Frisian -s (plural ending), West Frisian -s (plural ending), Dutch -s (plural ending), Low German -s (plural ending), Danish -er (plural ending), Swedish -r, -ar, -or (plural ending), Icelandic -ar (plural ending), Gothic -𐍉𐍃 (-ōs, nominative plural ending of a-stem masculine nouns). Not directly related to German -er (plural ending) which has a different origin.

接尾辞

-s

1. Used to form regular plurals of nouns.

   one computer → five computers; Kennedy → Kennedys; hanger-on → hangers-on; lapful → lapfuls; cul-de-sac → cul-de-sacs; standby → standbys; push-up → push-ups; gin and tonic → gin and tonics; pair → pairs; beef → beefs

2. Used to form many pluralia tantum (nouns that are almost or entirely without singular forms).

   shorts

   sunglasses

   1. Forms names of sciences and fields of studies from adjectives (See Usage notes)
3. When appended to a number ending in at least one 0, expresses a range of numbers which share the digits before some or (usually) all of the 0s; frequently used for decades, centuries and temperatures.

   We often look back on the 1960s [the years from 1960 to 1969] with rose-tinted glasses.

   The Industrial Revolution went into full-swing during the 1800s [the years from 1800 to 1899 – but see usage notes].

   The temperature today will be in the low 30s.

   He placed in the 200s in the end.

   • 2022 March 25, Sandee LaMotte, “Dangerous chemicals found in food wrappers at major fast-food restaurants and grocery chains, report says”, in CNN‎:

     High indicators of PFAS (in the 500s) were also found in a Chick-fil-A sandwich wrapper and in fiber bowls at Cava, a Mediterranean restaurant chain.
     Indicator levels in the 300s and 400s were found in a bag of cookies at Arby’s, bamboo paper plates at Stop & Shop, and in a bag for both cookies and French toast sticks at Burger King.
     Levels of PFAS indicators in the 200s were found in a Sweetgreen paper bag for focaccia, additional items at Cava, and in bags for french fries, cookies and Chicken McNuggets at McDonald’s.

使用する際の注意点

• (regular plurals): In semi-formal or formal contexts, where the plurality of a noun depends on some unknown aspect of the sentence, the s may be parenthesised: "The winner(s) will be invited to a prize ceremony."
• (pluralia tantum): In this sense we can find some notable topics:
  • branches of knowledge (biolistics, (astro/aero/bio/electro/micro)ballistics, chromatics, cynegetics, ecdotics, eidetics, exoterics, irenics, poliorcetics), related to the suffixes -ics and -istics
    • especially those dealing with language (graphematics, graphemics, graphetics, phonematics, phonetics)
  • garments and clothes, including symmetric accessories (dungarees, knickerbockers, pedal pushers, Ray-Bans, tartans)
  • games and sports (conkers, Deaflympics, Olympics, Paralympics, pigeonholes, tiddlywinks)
  • medical conditions (cataracts, flaps)
  • geograhical groups (Sundas, Urals)
  • concepts in Law (mends, torts)
• (number): Decades formed with -s are usually pronounced as if they were written as two separate numbers. For example, 1970s is read as nineteen-seventies, as if it were written as 19 70s, not as *nineteen-hundred seventies or *one thousand nine hundred and seventies.
• (number): When the number before the -s ends in more than one zero, there is ambiguity about the range of numbers that is meant. For example, 1800s could mean "the years from 1800 to 1899; the entire 19th century" or "the years from 1800 to 1809; the first decade of the 19th century". The intended meaning can usually be derived from context.

派生語

派生した語

参考

語源 2

From 中期英語 -(e)s (third-person singular ending), from Northumbrian 古期英語 -es, -as (third-person singular endings). Gradually replaced the older -eth, from 古期英語 -(e)þ, -aþ, during the 中期英語 and Early Modern English periods.

It is predominantly believed that -(e)s is identical to the 古期英語 second-person singular ending -es, -est (cf. archaic Modern English -est, as in thou singest). The use for the third-person singular would have been caused by speakers of Old Norse who switched to speaking English and confounded the endings due to analogy with their native tongue. In Old Norse, the second and third person singular indicative forms were identical (e.g. þú masar, hann masar; þú þekkir, hann þekkir; etc.).

An alternative theory sees the shift from /θ/ in -eth to /s/ (later /z/) in -(e)s as a mere phonetic simplification due to the frequency of the ending, but the objection to this is that no such development can be observed anywhere else in English. Nevertheless the relative similarity in sound between both forms may have facilitated the spread of -es.

接尾辞

-s

1. Used to form the third-person singular indicative present tense of verbs.

   to eat → he eats

2. (nonstandard, dialectal) Used in various other indicative present tenses

   I likes what I likes

使用する際の注意点

• As in modern nonstandard varieties, the -s suffix can be used to mark the third-person plural in Early Modern English. However, it is less common than the modern standard zero ending, and is frequently only found in restricted contexts; for instance, Shakespeare only uses it where a plural subject has "singular" semantics.

参考

参照

語源 3

From 中期英語 -es, from 古期英語 -es, the masculine and neuter genitive singular ending of strong nouns. More at -'s.

接尾辞

-s

1. Used in the formation of certain English adverbs.

   ‎forward + ‎-s → ‎forwards

   ‎downward + ‎-s → ‎downwards

   ‎alway + ‎-s → ‎always

   ‎sometime + ‎-s → ‎sometimes

   ‎betime + ‎-s → ‎betimes

   ‎while + ‎-s → ‎whiles

   ‎betide + ‎-s → ‎betides

   ‎toward + ‎-s → ‎towards

   ‎beside + ‎-s → ‎besides

   ‎evening + ‎-s → ‎evenings

   ‎unaware + ‎-s → ‎unawares

   ‎Sunday + ‎-s → ‎Sundays

   ‎night + ‎-s → ‎nights

派生語

• -st

語源 4

A variant spelling of -'s, partly an archaism, partly by dropping the apostrophe.

別の表記

• -'s (on pronouns; now nonstandard)
• -es (obsolete)

接尾辞

-s

1. (on pronouns) Possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the word bearing the marker.

   hers; its; ones (now one’s); theirs

   (neopronouns): eirs; hirs; pers; thons; xyrs; zirs

2. (on nouns, now nonstandard) Alternative form of -'s.

   devils doorbell; dogs-bane; St. Marys; (obsolete) kings

使用する際の注意点

• In most cases where -s is found nowadays as a possessive case marker, it is a simple misspelling of -'s. However, possessive determiners derived from personal pronouns use -s (e.g., its, not it's). The same is true of pronouns derived from possessive determiners (e.g., theirs, not their's). The possessive form of who takes -se (whose, not who's).
• Bare -s is used in some business names that derive from possessive family names, e.g., Barclays and Harrods, but compare Sainsbury’s; compare Wikipedia's article on possessives in business names. In speech, /z/ (or /s/) is sometimes added to business names which have neither -s nor -'s in writing, resulting in s-forms.
• Sometimes used in place names; e.g., Harpers Ferry (formerly spelled “Harper’s Ferry”), Queens County (note that the former name of County Laois was officially “Queen’s County”, however, the apostrophe-less spelling is well-attested).

派生語

語源 5

Modern sense in slang [circa 1936]. According to OED, a colloquial clipping of the hypocoristic diminutive suffix -sy. As AHD writes, -sy itself usually being informal, ironic and/or jocular, and possibly a combination of -s (“plural marker”) and conflation of -y as adjectival with its sense as a diminutive suffix (e.g., puppy, kitty), the latter notion probably from Scots.

接尾辞

-s

1. (informal, colloquial, sometimes humorous) Hypocoristic suffix

   Babs; moms; pops; homes; toots

派生語

関連する語

• -sies

語源 6

Derived from 's.

動詞

-s (clitic)

1. (Internet slang, informal) Alternative spelling of 's.

   whats he talking about

派生語

Unsorted:

発音

• IPA: /s/

接尾辞

-s

1. (often affects the value or quality of preceding consonants, may or may not cause i-mutation) Feminine noun suffix forming nouns from adjectives and verbs

   ‎milde (“gentle, mild”) + ‎-s → ‎milts (“mercy”) (earlier milds)

   ‎līþe (“gentle, limber”) + ‎-s → ‎liss (“grace”) (earlier liþs)

   ‎cweþan (“to say, speak”) + ‎-s → ‎cwiss (“a saying”) (earlier cwiþs)

語形変化

Strong ō-stem:

接尾辞

-s

1. alternative form of -es (plural suffix)

語源 2

接尾辞

-s

1. alternative form of -es (genitive suffix)

語源 3

接尾辞

-s

1. alternative form of -es (adverbial suffix)

接尾辞

-s

1. suffix marking the nominative singular form of non-neuter nouns and adjectives in declensions other than the first.

使用する際の注意点

The suffix appears most obviously in the third declension, as in urbs. Stem-final consonants are often modified or deleted before the suffix: for example, ‎lēg- (“law”) + ‎-s → ‎lēx (“law”, nominative singular) and ‎dent- (“tooth”) + ‎-s → ‎dēns (“tooth”, nominative singular). Etymologically, the Latin third declension includes both original consonant-stem nouns and i-stem nouns, but these two classes are not consistently distinguished in the nominative singular. Many nominative forms that originally ended in *-is were shortened by syncope or analogy (e.g. *ǵénh₁tis > gēns), while some nominative forms of original consonant-stem nouns had -is added by analogy (e.g. *ḱwṓ and *h₂yéwHō were replaced in Latin with canis and iuvenis, respectively). The ending -s usually does not appear in the nominative singular of n-stem, r-stem, or l-stem nouns. Most non-neuter n-stems instead drop the -n- and take the ending -ō̆ in the nominative singular (such as homō̆, hominis or carō̆, carnis); a smaller set end in -n in the nominative singular (as in tībīcen, tībīcinis); -s appears only in a handful of exceptional nouns such as canis, iuvenis, sanguī̆s. R-stem and l-stem nouns (such as āctor, cōnsul) normally have nominative singular forms ending in -r or -l respectively. Latin nominative singular forms that end in -ns, -rs or -ls are derived by consonant cluster simplification from stems ending in -t(i)- or -d(i)- (e.g. mōns, montis; pars, partis; puls, pultis).