英和和英

発音

• IPA: /ɹæk/
• 韻: -æk
• Homophone: wrack

語源 1

From 中期英語 rakke, rekke, from Middle Dutch rac, recke, rec (Dutch rek), see rekken.

名詞

rack (plural racks)

1. A series of one or more shelves, stacked one above the other.
2. Any of various kinds of frame for holding luggage or other objects on a vehicle or vessel.

   Synonym: luggage rack

3. (historical) A device, incorporating a ratchet, used to torture victims by stretching them beyond their natural limits.
   • c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:

     Ay, but I fear you speak upon the rack, / Where men enforced do speak anything.

   • 1849–1861, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter I, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, volume (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

     During the troubles of the fifteenth century, a rack was introduced into the Tower, and was occasionally used under the plea of political necessity.

4. (nautical) A piece or frame of wood, having several sheaves, through which the running rigging passes.

   Synonym: rack block

5. (slang, especially nautical) A bunk.
   • 2008, Byron L. Smith, Prescription Music, →ISBN, page 33:

     Chief Stevens approached my rack and repeatedly ordered me to vacate my rack and report to the working party.

   • 2010, Herb Brewer, Chronicles of a Marine Rifleman: Vietnam, 1965-1966, →ISBN, page 171:

     By the time I had unpacked my sea bag, made my rack, and finished a good long hot shower, it was late in the evening.

   • 2016, Cpl. Osborn R. E, Like Killing Rats, →ISBN:

     I took off my helmet, sat it gently down at the head of my rack on the wooden deck, plopped my butt down on my rack again, and began taking off my stateside assbusting boots.

6. (nautical, by extension, slang, uncountable) Sleep.
   • 2009 December 18, 1:00:07 from the start, in Avatar, spoken by Jake Sully (Sam Worthington), 20th Century Fox:

     Do I have to do this now? Like, I really need to get some rack.

7. A distaff.
8. (mechanical engineering, rail transport) A bar with teeth on its face or edge, to work with those of a gearwheel, pinion, or worm, which is to drive or be driven by it.
   • 1950 November, H. P. White, “The Furka-Oberalp Railway”, in Railway Magazine, page 767:

     Just beyond that station the first step is encountered and the rack resorted to, taking the line on a gradient of 1 in 9 over a steeply inclined bridge and through a spiral tunnel.

   • 1960 December, 'Voyageur', “The Mountain Railways of the Bernese Oberland”, in Trains Illustrated, page 750:

     The ladder-type Riggenbach rack is the one in use on both systems.

9. (mechanical engineering) A bar with teeth on its face or edge, to work with a pawl as a ratchet allowing movement in one direction only, used for example in a handbrake or crossbow.
10. A cranequin, a mechanism including a rack, pinion and pawl, providing both mechanical advantage and a ratchet, used to bend and cock a crossbow.
11. A set of antlers (as on deer, moose or elk).
12. A cut of meat involving several adjacent ribs.

    I bought a rack of lamb at the butcher's yesterday.

13. (obsolete) A bone of a horse.
    • 1722, William Gibson, The Farrier's New Guide, page 65:

      The Par quadratum […] Their Use is to bend the Racks of the Loins with a right Motion forward or downward, but when one only acts, it draws the Loins to one Side somewhat downwards.

    • 1873, Slang Dictionary, John Camden Hotten:

      Racks, the bones of a dead horse. Term used by horse-slaughterers.

14. (billiards, snooker) A hollow triangle used for aligning the balls at the start of a game.
15. (gambling) A plastic tray used for holding and moving chips.
16. (slang, vulgar) A woman's breasts.

    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:breasts

17. (climbing, caving) A friction device for abseiling, consisting of a frame with five or more metal bars, around which the rope is threaded.

    rappel rack

    abseil rack

18. (climbing, slang) A climber's set of equipment for setting up protection and belays, consisting of runners, slings, carabiners, nuts, Friends, etc.

    I used almost a full rack on the second pitch.

19. A grate on which bacon is laid.
20. (algebra) A set with a distributive binary operation whose action on the set is invertible.
21. (slang) A thousand dollars, especially if the proceeds are from a crime.

派生語

語源 2

From 古期英語 reċċan (“to stretch out, extend”).

動詞

rack (third-person singular simple present racks, present participle racking, simple past and past participle racked)

1. To place in or hang on a rack.
2. To torture (someone) on the rack.
   • 1563 March 30 (Gregorian calendar), John Foxe, Actes and Monuments of These Latter and Perillous Dayes, […], London: […] Iohn Day, […], →OCLC:

     He was racked and miserably tormented.

   • 2011, Thomas Penn, Winter King, Penguin, published 2012, page 228:

     As the poet Sir Thomas Wyatt later recalled, his father, Henry VII's jewel-house keeper Henry Wyatt, had been racked on the orders of Richard III, who had sat there and watched.

3. To cause (someone) to suffer pain.

   Synonyms: torment, torture; see also Thesaurus:hurt

   • 1667, John Milton, “Book I”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

     Vaunting aloud but racked with deep despair.

4. (figurative) To stretch or strain; to harass, or oppress by extortion.
   • c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:

     Try what my credit can in Venice do; / That shall be racked even to the uttermost.

   • 1596 (date written; published 1633), Edmund Spenser, A Vewe of the Present State of Irelande […], Dublin: […] Societie of Stationers, […], →OCLC; republished as A View of the State of Ireland […] (Ancient Irish Histories), Dublin: […] Society of Stationers, […] Hibernia Press, […] [b]y John Morrison, 1809, →OCLC:

     The landlords there most shamefully rack their tenants.

   • 1645, Thomas Fuller, “Scripture Observations”, in Good Thoughts in Bad Times, […], Exeter, Devon: […] Thomas Hunt, →OCLC, section I, page 69:

     Grant that I may never rack a Scripture Similie, beyond the true intent thereof.

5. (obsolete, occult) To alternately concatenate two words to magical effect.
   • 1589–1592 (date written), Ch[ristopher] Marl[owe], The Tragicall History of D. Faustus. […], London: […] V[alentine] S[immes] for Thomas Bushell, published 1604, →OCLC, signature B2, recto:

     Foꝛ when we heare one racke the name of God,/Abiure the ſcriptures, and his Sauiour Chꝛiſt...

6. (billiards, snooker, pool) To put the balls into the triangular rack and set them in place on the table.

   Synonym: rack up

7. (slang, transitive) To strike in the testicles.
   • 1999 November 2, Squad Leader, “CUPS Required for Gym Class?”, in alt.support.jock-strap‎ (Usenet):

     Bike7125 raises a great point suggesting that cups could have been recommended "optional" equipment in school PE. I never got racked by a baseball or softball, but we did have a gym teacher, who insisted on a weekly session of a "cruelty sport" called bombardment. The idea was to throw basketballs at a line of guys, and try to hit them. (Guess where most gym bullys aimed!)

8. (slang) To shoplift (especially in a megastore), often by taking off of a rack.

   He racked three boxes of gum!

   • 2007 May 4, streetwords, Urban Dictionary‎:

     my buddy used to go racking for spray paint at the home despot. then a banger shot him in the head one night.

9. (by extension) To take that which belongs to another, without regard of right or permission.

   Synonym: steal

10. (firearms) To (manually) load (a round of ammunition) from the magazine or belt into firing position in an automatic or semiautomatic firearm.
11. (firearms) To move the slide bar on a shotgun in order to chamber the next round.
12. (mining) To wash (metals, ore, etc.) on a rack.
13. (nautical) To bind together, as two ropes, with cross turns of yarn, marline, etc.
14. (structural engineering) To tend to shear a structure (that is, force it to bend, lean, or move in different directions at different points).

    Synonym: shear

    Post-and-lintel construction racks easily.

    • 1977, Roger L. Tuomi, David S. Gromala, “Racking Strength of Walls”, in USDA Forest Service Research Paper‎, number FPL 301:

      The racking strength of a wall system is defined in terms of its ability to resist horizon­tal inplane shear forces. The shear, or racking, forces which act on wail systems arise primarily from wind.

使用する際の注意点

In senses “torture” and “suffer pain”, frequently confused with wrack (“destroy”) (more rarely, wrack (“wreckage”)), both as stand-alone verb and in compounds. In most uses, rack is correct, and wrack is incorrect. Etymologically, nerve-racking (“stressful”), pain-racked, and rack one's brain, rack one's brains (“think hard”) are correct, while rack and ruin and storm-racked are incorrect variants of wrack and ruin (“complete destruction”) and storm-wracked (“wrecked by a storm”).

Usage guidance differs: either prefer the etymologically correct term, prefer rack to (archaic) wrack, or use either. The etymologically correct forms are preferred by some style guides, but the unetymological forms are well-established and in wide use, and other style guides simply consider them variant spellings. Other style guides categorically ban wrack as archaic, suggesting modern synonyms like wreck, ruin, or destroy. In some cases style guides are confused by the etymology, or feature unhistorical forms such as nerve-wracking.

This confusion dates to Early Modern English in the 16th century (as in rack and ruin), and is presumably due to the influence of ⟨wr⟩ in words such as wreak, wreck, wrench, etc., which connote discomfort and torment. Formally termed the graphaesthesia of the graphaestheme ⟨wr⟩, since identical sound /r/ to ⟨r⟩; compare with phonaesthesia. Compare rapt/wrapt, and also ⟨gh⟩ as in ghost and ghastly.

Conjugation

派生語

語源 3

From 中期英語 reken, from Old Norse reka (“to be drifted, tost”)

The noun is from 中期英語 rak, rakke, from 中期英語 rek (“drift; thing tossed ashore; jetsam”), from the verb.

動詞

rack (third-person singular simple present racks, present participle racking, simple past and past participle racked)

1. To drive; move; go forward rapidly; stir.
2. To fly, as vapour or broken clouds.

名詞

rack (uncountable)

1. Thin, flying, broken clouds, or any portion of floating vapour in the sky.
   • 1669, Francis Bacon, Sylva Sylvarum or A Natural History in ten Centuries, page 32:

     The winds in the upper region, which move the clouds above, which we call the rack, […] pass without noise.

   • 1851, Charles Kingsley, Three Fishers:

     And the night rack came rolling up.

   • c. 1606–1607 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Anthonie and Cleopatra”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene xiv]:

     Sometime we see a cloud that's dragonish ... That which is now a horse ... The rack dislimns, and makes it indistinct

語源 4

From 中期英語 rakken.

動詞

rack (third-person singular simple present racks, present participle racking, simple past and past participle racked)

1. (brewing) To clarify, and thereby deter further fermentation of, beer, wine or cider by draining or siphoning it from the dregs.
   • 1627 (indicated as 1626), Francis [Bacon], “(please specify the page, or |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], London: […] William Rawley […]; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

     It is in common practice to draw wine or beer from the lees (which we call racking), whereby it will clarify much the sooner.

   • 1987, Keith Dunstan, The Amber Nectar, Ringwood: Vicking O'Neil, page 108:

     The Darwin administrator, J.C. Archer, with great ceremony, turned on the flow to rack the precious golden stuff into casks.

語源 5

See rack (“that which stretches”), or rock (verb).

動詞

rack (third-person singular simple present racks, present participle racking, simple past and past participle racked)

1. (of a horse) To amble fast, causing a rocking or swaying motion of the body; to pace.
   • 1655, Thomas Fuller, The Church-history of Britain; […], London: […] Iohn Williams […], →OCLC, (please specify |book=I to XI):

     The other two (only racking, no thorough-paced protestants) watched their opportunity to run away

名詞

rack (plural racks)

1. A fast amble.

語源 6

See wreck.

名詞

rack (plural racks)

1. (obsolete) A wreck; destruction.
   • 1665 September 19 (date written; Gregorian calendar), Samuel Pepys, Mynors Bright, transcriber, “September 9th, 1665”, in Henry B[enjamin] Wheatley, editor, The Diary of Samuel Pepys […], volume V, London: George Bell & Sons […]; Cambridge: Deighton Bell & Co., published 1895, →OCLC:

     All goes to rack.

派生語

• rack and ruin

語源 7

Uncertain. Perhaps a contraction of rabbock, an alteration ( +‎ -ock) of rabbit.

名詞

rack (plural racks)

1. (obsolete) A young rabbit, or its skin.
   • 1869 February 13, “Rabbit Skin”, in All the Year Round, page 247:

     Now, sir, you would say a skin is a skin, we say it is a ' whole,' or a 'half,' or a 'quarter,' or a 'rack,' or a 'sucker. Suckers are skins of infant rabbits, and of little value. Eight racks are equal to one whole.

   • 1879, Ure's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, page 380:

     The skin of a sucker is white, of a quarter, black and white striped, of a rack all black, and of a best all white.

   • 1882, Bees, rabbits, and pigeons; how to breed and how to rear them:

     Those would be of different shades of colour according to the time of year at which they were produced, those bred about May-day undergoing no change from their white colour, but from a white rack become a whole skin; […]

   • 1892, Henry Poland, Fur-bearing Animals in Nature and in Commerce, page 289:

     Rabbit skins are sorted into wholes, halves, quarters, racks, and suckers, or very small skins.

語源 8

名詞

rack (uncountable)

1. Alternative form of arak.
   • 1907, George Manville Fenn, Trapped by Malays: A Tale of Bayonet and Kris, page 347:

     If it was my officers wanted a stone jar of rack or a dozen of bottled ale, I might manage 'em, but I'm nowhere with sacks.

派生語

参照

Further reading

• rack on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• rack (billiards) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

アナグラム

• Cark, cark