stoutとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From Middle English stoute, from Old French estout (“brave, fierce, proud”) (Modern French dialectal stout (“proud”)), from earlier Old French estolt (“strong”), from Frankish *stolt, *stult (“bold, proud”), from Proto-Germanic *stultaz (“bold, proud”), from Proto-Indo-European *stel- (“to put, stand”).

Cognate with Dutch stout (“stout, bold, naughty”), Low German stolt (“stately, proud”), German stolz (“proud, haughty, arrogant, stately”), Old Norse stoltr (“proud”) (Danish stolt (“proud”), Icelandic stoltur (“proud”)).

Meaning "strong in body, powerfully built" is attested from c.1386, but has been to a large extent displaced by the euphemistic meaning "thick-bodied, fat and large," which is first recorded 1804. Original sense preserved in stout-hearted (1552).

The noun "strong, dark-brown beer" is first recorded 1677, from the adjective.

形容詞

stout (comparative stouter, superlative stoutest)

1. Large; bulky.

   Synonyms: thickset, corpulent, fat

   • 1961 November 10, Joseph Heller, “The Eternal City”, in Catch-22 […], New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC, page 427:

     Yossarian walked out of the office and down the stairs into the dark, tomblike street, passing in the hall the stout woman with warts and two chins, who was already on her way back in.

2. (obsolete) Bold, strong-minded.

   Synonyms: lusty, vigorous, robust, sinewy, muscular

   • c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire; London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act I, scene ii:

     Art thou but Captaine of a thouſand horſe,
     That by Characters grauen in thy browes,
     And by thy martiall face and ſtout aſpect,
     Deſeru’ſt to haue the leading of an hoſte?

   • 1591 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Sixt”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iv]:

     a stouter champion never handled sword.

   • 1702–1704, Edward [Hyde, 1st] Earl of Clarendon, “(please specify |book=I to XVI)”, in The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, Begun in the Year 1641. […], Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed at the Theater, published 1707, →OCLC:

     He quickly lost the character of a bold, stout, magnanimous man.

   • 1609, Samuel Daniel, The Civile Wares:

     The lords all stand / To clear their cause, most resolutely stout.

3. (obsolete) Proud; haughty.

   Synonyms: arrogant, hard, haughty

   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Malachi 3:13:

     Your words have been stout against me.

   • 1552, Hugh Latimer, The Fifth Sermon Preached on the Twenty-Fourth Sunday After Trinity, 1552:

     Commonly […] they that be rich are lofty and stout.

4. Firm; resolute; dauntless.
   • 2020 September 5, David Hytner, “Raheem Sterling keeps his cool to see off Iceland amid blaze of late drama”, in The Guardian‎^[1]:

     he had reason to be extremely grateful to Sterling, his Manchester City teammate, who won and converted the penalty that appeared to have broken Iceland’s stout resistance.

   • 2023 June 28, Stephen Roberts, “Bradshaw's Britain: Alton to Exeter”, in RAIL, number 986, page 58:

     So, Andover featured in the Glorious Revolution, which involved the deposition of Catholic fraterniser James II and his replacement by stout Protestants William and Mary.

5. Materially strong, enduring.

   Campers prefer stout vessels, sticks and cloth.

   • 1751, [Tobias] Smollett, “He is Concerned in a Dangerous Adventure with a Certain Gardener; […]”, in The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle […], volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), London: Harrison and Co., […], →OCLC, page 49, column 1:

     [...] Pipes, who acted as the enemy's forlorn hope, advanced to the gate with great intrepidity, and clapping his foot to the door, which was none of the ſtouteſt, with the execution and diſpatch of a petard, ſplit it into a thouſand pieces.

   • 1913, Robert Barr, chapter 4, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad‎^[2]:

     Nothing could be more business-like than the construction of the stout dams, and nothing more gently rural than the limpid lakes, with the grand old forest trees marshalled round their margins … .

6. Obstinate.

派生語

名詞

stout (複数形 stouts)

1. (beer) A dark and strong malt brew made with toasted grain.

   Coordinate term: porter

   Stout is darker, stronger and sweeter than porter beer.

2. An obese person.
   • 1946, Printers' Ink:

     Incidentally the survey pointed up the sad plight of the stylish stouts, today's “forgotten men.” The clothing situation is getting so critical for them that they may have to choose between eating and dressing.

3. A large clothing size.
   • 1918, Isidor Rosenfeld, The Practical Designer for Women's and Misses' Underwear - The Study of the Stout Form

     The all-around waist is increased or over-built, according to size, which makes this form a stout.

語源 2

From Middle English stouten, from the adjective (see above).

動詞

stout (三人称単数 現在形 stouts, 現在分詞 stouting, 過去形および過去分詞形 stouted)

1. (intransitive, archaic) To be bold or defiant.
2. (transitive, dialectal) To persist, endure.

   Synonyms: brook, thole

語源 3

From Middle English stout, from 古期英語 stūt (“gnat; midge”).

別の表記

• stoat, stut (dialectal)

名詞

stout (複数形 stouts)

1. Gnat.

   Synonym: midge

2. Gadfly.

   Synonym: horsefly

3. (dialectal) Firefly or miller (moth).

派生語

• stoat-fly

Further reading

• stout on Wikipedia.

アナグラム

• touts