jamとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (Received 発音, 米国発音) IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʒæm/
• (Southern England, Australia) IPA^(key): /ˈdʒæːm/
• - verb
• 韻: -æm
• Homophone: jamb

語源 1

First attested in the early 18th c. as a verb meaning “to press, be pressed, be wedged in”. Compare dialectal jammock (“to press, squeeze, crush into a soft mass, chew food"; also "a soft, pulpy substance”). Perhaps from Middle English chammen, champen ("to bite upon something, gnash the teeth"; whence modern champ, chomp), of uncertain origin; probably originally onomatopoeic.

名詞

jam (countable かつ uncountable, 複数形 jams)

1. (less common in the US) A sweet mixture of fruit boiled with sugar and allowed to congeal. Often spread on bread or toast or used in jam tarts.

   Synonyms: (米国用法) conserve, jelly, preserve

2. (countable) A difficult situation.

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:difficult situation

   • 1928, Upton Sinclair, Boston:

     It's a blackmail ring, and the district attorneys get a share of the loot. […] Well, they got him in the same kind of jam, and soaked him to the tune of three hundred and eighty-six thousand.

   • 1975, Bob Dylan (lyrics かつ music), “Tangled Up in Blue”:

     She was married when we first met / Soon to be divorced / I helped her out of a jam, I guess / But I used a little too much force

   • 1977, David Byrne (lyrics かつ music), “Uh-Oh, Love Comes to Town”, in Talking Heads: 77, performed by Talking Heads:

     Where, where is my common sense? / How did I get in a jam like this?

3. (countable) A blockage, congestion, or immobilization.

   A traffic jam caused us to miss the game's first period.

   a jam of logs in a river

   • 2019 February 14, National Transportation Safety Board, “1.3.2.3 Elevator Design Standard for Ground Gust Loads”, in Aircraft Accident Report: Runway Overrun During Rejected Takeoff, Ameristar Air Cargo, Inc., dba Ameristar Charters, flight 9363, Boeing MD-83, N786TW, Ypsilanti, Michigan, March 8, 2017‎^[1], archived from the original on 2 July 2022, page 12:

     According to Boeing, in the history of this elevator design (which exists on all Boeing DC-9/MD-80 series かつ 717 model airplanes), this accident was the first notification that Boeing had received of an elevator jam occurring on an airplane exposed to ground gusts lower than 65 kts. Boeing noted that the elevator design first entered service in 1965 on the then-Douglas DC-9 airplane.

4. (countable, popular music) An informal, impromptu performance or rehearsal.
5. (countable, by extension, informal) A song; a track.
   • 2001, Jet, volume 100, number 22, page 25:

     The result is an outstanding assortment of sophisticated, sexy and hip-hop-tinged R&B grooves, ballads and party jams.

6. (countable, by extension) An informal event where people brainstorm and collaborate on projects.

   We came up with some new ideas at the game jam.

   • 2017, Fred Patten, Furry Fandom Conventions, 1989-2015, page 92:

     […] a day at new Farm Park with an art jam, fursuit games, and a nerf war, ending in the evening at the strike Wintergarden bowling center.

7. (countable, slang) That which one particularly prefers, desires, enjoys, or cares about.

   Teaching is my jam.

8. (countable, baseball) A difficult situation for a pitcher or defending team.

   The pitcher's in a jam now, having walked the bases loaded with the cleanup hitter coming to bat.

9. (countable, basketball) A forceful dunk.
10. (countable, roller derby) A play during which points can be scored.

    Toughie scored four points in that jam.

11. (climbing, countable) Any of several maneuvers requiring wedging of an extremity into a tight space.

    I used a whole series of fist and foot jams in that crack.

12. (Australia) The tree Acacia acuminata, with fruity-smelling hard timber.

    Synonyms: raspberry jam tree, stinking acacia

13. (UK, slang) Luck.

    He's got more jam than Waitrose.

14. (Canada, slang) balls, bollocks, courage, machismo

    I don't think he has the jam.

15. (slang) Sexual relations or the contemplation of them.

派生語

派生した語

• → Czech: džem
• → Dutch: jam
• → Estonian: džemm
• → Japanese: ジャム (jamu)
• → Korean: 잼 (jaem)
• → Polish: dżem
• → Russian: джем (džem)
• → Serbo-Croatian: džȅm, џе̏м
• → Slovak: džem
• → Ukrainian: джем (džem)

参考

• jelly
• marmalade

動詞

jam (三人称単数 現在形 jams, 現在分詞 jamming, 過去形および過去分詞形 jammed)

1. To get something stuck, often (though not necessarily) in a confined space.

   My foot got jammed in a gap between the rocks.

   Her poor little baby toe got jammed in the door.

   I jammed the top knuckle of my ring finger.

   • 1719 May 6 (Gregorian calendar)​, [Daniel Defoe], The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, […], 3rd edition, London: […] W[illiam] Taylor […], published 1719, →OCLC, page 226:

     The Ship, which by its Building was Spanish, stuck fast, jaum’d in between two Rocks; all the Stern and Quarter of her was beaten to Pieces with the Sea […]

2. To brusquely force something into a space; to cram, to squeeze.

   They temporarily stopped the gas tank leak by jamming a piece of taffy into the hole.

   The rush-hour train was jammed with commuters.

   • 1779, George Colman, Farewell Epilogue, spoken at Wynnstay after the representation of Cymbeline and The Spanish Barber, 22 January, 1779, in Prose on Several Occasions: Accompanied with Some Pieces in Verse, London: T. Cadel, 1787, Volume 3, p. 283,^[2]

     Since the new post-horse tax, I dare engage

     That some folks here have travell’d in the Stage:

     Jamm’d in at midnight, in cold winter weather,

     The crouded passengers are glew’d together.

3. To render something unable to move.
   • 2019 February 14, National Transportation Safety Board, “2.3.3 Elevator Load Testing”, in Aircraft Accident Report: Runway Overrun During Rejected Takeoff, Ameristar Air Cargo, Inc., dba Ameristar Charters, flight 9363, Boeing MD-83, N786TW, Ypsilanti, Michigan, March 8, 2017‎^[3], archived from the original on 2 July 2022, page 56:

     Considering the results of the CFD wind simulation, the NTSB designed several series of static and dynamic elevator load tests to determine what conditions, consistent with the known circumstances of the accident, could enable the inboard actuating crank and links of the right elevator's geared tab to move beyond their normal range of travel and become locked in an overcenter position (かつ, as a result, jam the right elevator).

4. To cause congestion or blockage. Often used with "up".

   A single accident can jam the roads for hours.

5. To block or confuse a radio or radar signal by transmitting a more-powerful signal on the same frequency.

   The government jams foreign propaganda broadcasts.

   The airstrike suffered minimal casualties because electronic-warfare aircraft were jamming the enemy air-defense radars.

7. (baseball) To throw a pitch at or near the batter's hands.

   Jones was jammed by the pitch.

8. (basketball) To dunk.
10. (music) To play music (especially improvisation as a group, または an informal unrehearsed session).
11. To injure a finger or toe by sudden compression of the digit's tip.

    When he tripped on the step he jammed his toe.

12. (roller derby) To attempt to score points.

    Toughie jammed four times in the second period.

13. (nautical, transitive) To bring (a vessel) so close to the wind that half her upper sails are laid aback.
    • (Can we date this quote?), William Clark Russell, The Golden Hope:

      It won't do to jam her,” answered Stone ;" but it might be worth findin' out if th' Hope won't lie closer than t' other can." Half a point ----"

14. (Canada, informal) To give up on a date or some other joint endeavour; to stand up, chicken out, jam out.

同意語

• ram

派生語

語源 2

Persian or Hindi, meaning "garment, robe;" see جامه‎ (“garment”). Related to pajamas.

名詞

jam (複数形 jams)

1. (dated) A kind of frock for children.

名詞

jam (複数形 jams)

1. (mining) Alternative form of jamb

参照

• jam on Wikipedia.
• jam at OneLook Dictionary Search
• “jam”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.

参考

• Ram-jam

アナグラム

• JMA, Maj, Maj., maj, maj.

Latin

副詞

jam (not comparable)

1. Alternative form of iam

参照

• “jam”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press