en-とは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From 中期英語 en- (“en-, in-”). Originally from Old French en- (also an-), from Latin in- (“in, into”) and Frankish *in-, *int-, *anda-; but also from an alteration of in-, from 中期英語 in-, from 古期英語 in- (“in, into”), from Proto-Germanic *in (“in”). Both the Latin and the Germanic forms are from Proto-Indo-European *en (“in, into”). Intensive use of Old French en-, an- is due to confluence with Frankish *an- and *in- (intensive prefixes), related to 古期英語 on- and in- (intensive prefixes). More at in-, on-.

発音

• IPA: /ɛn-/, /ɪn-/, /ən-/

接頭辞

en-

1. Forms a transitive verb whose meaning is to make the attached adjective
   1. in, into

      embathe, enquire, enlist

   2. on, onto

      embark, enplane, enthrone

   3. covered by

      enclothe, embalm, enseam

2. to become

   enslave, embetter, engloom

3. provide with

   empower

4. an intensifier

   entangle, enwisen, enhance

使用する際の注意点

• Before the labial consonants b or p, the form em- is used instead, a result of assimilation of place of articulation.

同意語

• (in): in-, intra-, em-/im-, end-/endo-/ento-
• (on): on-, epi-, super-, supra-, sur-, hyper-

反意語

• (antonym(s) of “in”): out-, ex-, exo-, ecto-
• (antonym(s) of “on”): out-, ab-, apo-, de-, away, off

派生語

参考

参照

• “en-”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.
• “en-”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, launched 2000.

アナグラム

• nê, né, Ne., ne, -ne-, NE, ne., -ne

語源

Borrowed from Old French en-, from Latin in-.

発音

• IPA: /ɛn-/

接頭辞

en-

1. Forms words, usually verbs, meaning "in", "on", or "around"; en-.
2. Intensifies words, usually verbs; en-.

使用する際の注意点

• Sometimes used interchangeably with in-; see that entry for more.

派生語

派生した語

• English: en- (in-)

参照

• “en-, suf.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

語源 1

From 中期英語 -n, -en, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare 中期英語 take(n), took, taken (“take, took, taken”)), from 古期英語 -en and Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Old Norse taka, tók, tekinn (“take, took, taken”)), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-inaz, a variant of *-anaz. In 中期英語, the suffix was often weakened to -e or disappeared (compare Southern 中期英語 do(n), dud(e), ydo (“do, did, done”)), but not in others (compare cume(n), com, ycume (“come, came, come”)), from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós.

別の表記

• -n

接尾辞

-en

1. (no longer productive) Denotes the past participle form when attached to a verb.

   ‎take + ‎-en → ‎taken

   ‎forgive + ‎-en → ‎forgiven

   ‎prove + ‎-en → ‎proven

接尾辞

-en (adjective-forming suffix, not comparable)

1. (archaic) Denotes a quasi-past participle or participle-like adjective when attached to a noun or verb.

   ‎fork + ‎-en → ‎forken (“forked”)

   ‎pave + ‎-en → ‎paven (“paved”)

   ‎barefoot + ‎-en → ‎bare-footen (“bare-footed”)

   ‎enslave + ‎-en → ‎enslaven (“enslaved”)

使用する際の注意点

Some linguistic writing on English, such as The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, uses -en as the name of an abstract morpheme which forms the past participle of all English verbs; ones which do not actually use the suffix -en are described as "cook + -en → cooked".

派生語

語源 2

From 中期英語 -en, -n, the plural suffix of weak nouns (n-stems), from 古期英語 -an, from Proto-West Germanic *-an m, *-ōn f or n, from Proto-Germanic *-an- m, *-ōn- f or n, from Proto-Indo-European *-on-, o-grade form of the n-stem suffix.

Reinforced by the early 中期英語 dative plural ending -en, from late 古期英語 -an, weakened form of earlier -um.

別の表記

• -n (after vowels)

接尾辞

-en

1. Used to denote the plural form of a small number of English nouns, the majority of whose etymologies go back to the n-stem (i.e. weak noun) declension of Germanic languages.

   Examples in general modern use:

   ‎aurochs + ‎-en → ‎aurochsen

   ‎brother + ‎-en → ‎brethren (religious sense)

   ‎child + ‎-en → ‎children (cf. childer)

   ‎ox + ‎-en → ‎oxen

   Archaic or dialectal examples:

   ‎bee + ‎-en → ‎been

   ‎cheese + ‎-en → ‎cheesen

   ‎ky (“cows”) + ‎-en → ‎kine

   ‎knee + ‎-en → ‎kneen

   ‎eyre (“eggs”) + ‎-en → ‎eyren

   ‎eye + ‎-en → ‎eyen

   ‎feather + ‎-en → ‎feathern

   ‎fox + ‎-en → ‎foxen

   ‎horse + ‎-en → ‎horsen

   ‎hose + ‎-en → ‎hosen

   ‎house + ‎-en → ‎housen

   ‎pease + ‎-en → ‎peasen

   ‎shoe + ‎-en → ‎shoon

   ‎sister + ‎-en → ‎sistren

   ‎tree + ‎-en → ‎treen

   • 1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester, page 200:

     Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes.

2. (nonstandard, rare, often dialectal or humorous) Used to form the plural of nouns.

   ‎box + ‎-en → ‎boxen

   ‎VAX + ‎-en → ‎VAXen

   • 2007 October 1, James Patrick Kelly, John Kessel, Rewired: The Post-Cyberpunk Anthology‎, →ISBN, page 398:

     There was one other user logged in, “scaredy,” and he checked the process monitor and saw that scaredy had spawned all the hundreds of processes that were probing him and plenty of other boxen.

   • 2012 April 17, Jenny Lawson, Let's Pretend This Never Happened‎, →ISBN:

     Victor and I are having a huge argument about whether or not to feed the foxen. Victor says yes, because they're adorable and— according to the neighbors—are quite tame. I say no, because we have a fat little pug who likes to frolic outside occasionally and I don't want to see him eaten. I thought we were on the same page about the fox, but then Victor went and threw an apple at it. And I was all, “What the fuck? We don't feed the foxen,” and he said, “I was throwing the apple at it to chase it away,” but Victor is a tremendous liar, and he didn't go to pick up the apple, probably because he knows that foxen love apple cider.

   • 2015, David Greygoose, Brunt Boggart‎, published 27 September 2018, →ISBN:

     For now the boys grew whiskers and hung fox pelts from their shoulders and the girlen all wore scarlet skirts and braided ribbons through their hair.

使用する際の注意点

• Not productive, outside of occasional humorous use, particularly in computer hacker subculture. Notable examples are boxen, Unixen, VAXen, all of which are modelled on oxen.
• This ending is also found on some plurals that were borrowed intact from Dutch or German, like klompen, lagerstätten, lederhosen.

派生語

関連する語

• -ren

参考

• Category:English plurals in -n

語源 3

From 中期英語 -(e)nen, -(e)nien, from 古期英語 -nian, from Proto-West Germanic *-inōn, from Proto-Germanic *-inōną. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -enje, West Frisian -enje, Danish -ne, Swedish -na, Icelandic -na.

接尾辞

-en (verb-forming suffix, third-person singular simple present -ens, present participle -ening, simple past and past participle -ened)

1. When attached to certain adjectives, it forms a transitive verb whose meaning is, to make (adjective). Usually, the verb is ergative, sometimes not. The same construction could also be done to certain (fewer) nouns, as, strengthen, in which case the verb means roughly, "to give (noun) to", or "to become like (noun)".

   ‎white (adjective) + ‎-en → ‎whiten

   ‎quick + ‎-en → ‎quicken

   ‎strength (noun) + ‎-en → ‎strengthen

   ‎haste + ‎-en → ‎hasten

   ‎night + ‎-en → ‎nighten

使用する際の注意点

• Although -en is a very common verb ending, it is not currently very productive in forming new words, being mostly restricted to monosyllabic bases which end in an obstruent; new formations tend to be nonstandard or humorous.

派生語

語源 4

From 中期英語 -en, from 古期英語 -en, from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz; suffix meaning "made of, consisting of, having the qualities of" applied to nouns to form adjectives. Akin to Dutch -en, German -en, Icelandic -inn, Latin -īnus. See -ine.

別の表記

• -n (postvocalically)
• -in (rare)

接尾辞

-en (adjective-forming suffix, comparative more -en, superlative most -en)

1. Pertaining to, having the qualities of, resembling, or like.

   ‎wolf + ‎-en → ‎wolven

   ‎peach + ‎-en → ‎peachen

   ‎goat + ‎-en → ‎goaten

2. When attached to certain nouns that are the names of a material, it forms an adjective whose meaning is, made of (noun).

   Current examples used in a literal and sometimes metaphorical sense:

   ‎wood + ‎-en → ‎wooden

   ‎gold + ‎-en → ‎golden

   ‎wheat + ‎-en → ‎wheaten

   ‎oat + ‎-en → ‎oaten

   ‎silk + ‎-en → ‎silken

   ‎earth + ‎-en → ‎earthen

   ‎flax + ‎-en → ‎flaxen

   ‎lead + ‎-en → ‎leaden

   ‎wool + ‎-en → ‎woollen

   ‎oak + ‎-en → ‎oaken

   Examples where a metaphorical sense is common but the literal sense is rare or archaic:

   ‎brass + ‎-en → ‎brazen ("shameless")

   Rare or archaic examples:

   ‎ash + ‎-en → ‎ashen ("made of ash-tree wood"; ashen "grey like ashes, appalled" is still current)

   ‎beech + ‎-en → ‎beechen ("made of wood from, or otherwise concerning, the beech tree")

   ‎box + ‎-en → ‎boxen ("made of boxwood")

   ‎bronze + ‎-en → ‎bronzen

   ‎silver + ‎-en → ‎silvern

   ‎cedar + ‎-en → ‎cedarn

   ‎leather + ‎-en → ‎leathern

   ‎copper + ‎-en → ‎coppern

   ‎paper + ‎-en → ‎papern

   ‎brick + ‎-en → ‎bricken

   ‎board + ‎-en → ‎boarden

   ‎tree + ‎-en → ‎treen

   ‎hemp + ‎-en → ‎hempen

   Orphan examples:

   ‎line (“flax”) + ‎-en → ‎linen

使用する際の注意点

Sense 2 is a formative pattern with many obsolescent remnants. Fowler (1926) pointed out the tendency for the -en forms to be restricted to metaphorical and secondary senses. Changes in the form of the root noun, and the dropping of the "e" in the suffix occur. There are also orphan formations whose root has been lost to the current language.

派生語