endowとは

意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From Late Middle English endowen, endouen, enduen, indouen, indw (“to provide with assets, a livelihood, or privileges; to bestow, grant; (比喩的に) to favour; to endow”),^[1] from Anglo-Norman endouer, from Old French en- (prefix meaning ‘in, into’) + douer (“to endow”) (from Latin dōtāre (present active infinitive of dōtō (“to endow”)); modern French douer).^[2] Dōtō is derived from dōs (“dowry; endowment, gift”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *deh₃- (“to give”)) + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs).

発音

• (Received 発音) IPA^(key): /ɪnˈdaʊ/, /ɛn-/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /ɪnˈdaʊ/
• 韻: -aʊ
• ハイフネーション: en‧dow

動詞

endow (三人称単数 現在形 endows, 現在分詞 endowing, 過去形および過去分詞形 endowed)

1. (transitive, archaic or obsolete) To provide with a dower (“the portion that a widow receives from her deceased husband's property”) or a dowry (“property given to a bride”).
   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), imprinted at London: By Robert Barker, […], OCLC 964384981, Exodus 22:16–17, column 1:

     And if a man entice a maide that is not betrothed, and lie with her, he ſhall ſurely endow her to be his wife. If her father utterly refuſe to giue her vnto him, he ſhall pay money according to the dowrie of virgins.

   • 1628, Edw[ard] Coke, “Dower”, in The First Part of the Institvtes of the Lawes of England. […], London: Printed [by Adam Islip] for the Societe of Stationers, OCLC 84760833, book I, chapter 47, page 38:

     Also if a man ſeiſed in Fee Simple beeing within age endoweth his wife at the Monaſterie or Church doore, and dieth, and his wife enter, in this caſe the heire of the huſband may out her. But otherwiſe it is, (as it ſeemeth) where the father is ſeiſed in fee, and the ſonne within age endoweth his wife ex aſſenſu patris, the Father being then of full age.

   • 1766, William Blackstone, “Of Freeholds, Not of Inheritance”, in Commentaries on the Laws of England, book II (Of the Rights of Things), Oxford: Printed at the Clarendon Press, OCLC 65350522, page 130:

     [T]he reaſon, which our law gives for adopting it [i.e., dower], is a very plain and a ſenſible one; for the ſuſtenance of the wife, and the nurture and education of the younger children. [...] 1. Who may be endowed. She muſt be the actual wife of the party at the time of the deceaſe. If ſhe be divorced a vinculo matrimonii, ſhe ſhall not be endowed; [...]

   • 1823, Peter Lovelass; Niel Gow, “Of the Descent of Real Estates, or Estates of Inheritance. […]”, in The Law’s Disposal of a Person’s Estate who Dies without Will or Testament. […], 11th edition, London: Printed for R. Pheney, Charles Hunter, J. and W. T. Clarke, and H[enry] Butterworth, OCLC 976021638, section II (How the Law Disposes of a Wife’s Real Estate; […]), page 125:

     A widow may be endowed of all her husband's lands, tenements, and hereditaments, corporeal or incorporeal, under the restrictions before-mentioned, unless there be some special reason to the contrary. Thus, a woman shall not be endowed of a castle built for defence of the realm, because it ought not to be divided. But of a castle that is only for the private use and habitation of the owner, a woman shall be endowed.

2. (transitive) To give property to (someone) as a gift; specifically, to provide (a person または institution) with support in the form of a permanent fund of money or other benefits.
   • 1623, Iohn Speed [i.e., John Speed], “Iohn, Dvke of Normandie, Gvyen, and Avqitaine, &c. […]”, in The Historie of Great Britaine vnder the Conqvests of the Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans. […], 2nd revised and enlarged edition, London: Printed by Iohn Beale, for George Hvmble, […], OCLC 150671135, book 9, paragraph 63, page 588, column 1:

     His [John, King of England's] Acts and Orders for the Weale-publike were beyond moſt: he being either the firſt, or the chiefeſt, who appointed thoſe noble Formes of Ciuill gouernement in London, and moſt Citties, & Incorporate Townes of England, endowing them alſo with their greateſt Franchiſes; [...]

   • 1713, Gilbert Lord Bishop of Sarum [i.e., Gilbert Burnet], “The Additional Chapter. Chap. X. Of Presentations to Benefices, and Simony”, in The New Preface and Additional Chapter to the Third Edition of the Pastoral Care. […], London: Printed for D. Midwinter […], and B. Cowse […]; [a]nd sold by A. Baldwin […], OCLC 1102730747, pages 27–28:

     Men began to build Churches on their own Grounds, at their own Charges, and to endow theſe; and they were naturally the Maſters, and in the true Signification of the Roman word, the Patrons of them.

   • 1841 February–November, Charles Dickens, “Barnaby Rudge”, in Master Humphrey’s Clock, volume III, London: Chapman & Hall, […], OCLC 633494058, chapter 20, page 46:

     Finding her quite incorrigible in this respect, Emma suffered her to depart; but not before she had confided to her that important and never-sufficiently-to-be-taken-care-of answer, and endowed her moreover with a pretty little bracelet as a keepsake.

   • 1999, Rupert Graf Strachwitz, “Foundations in Germany and Their Revival in East Germany after 1989”, in Helmut K. Anheier and Stefan Toepler, editors, Private Funds, Public Purpose: Philanthropic Foundations in International Perspective (Nonprofit かつ Civil Society Studies), New York, N.Y.: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, →ISBN, page 232:

     The blessing of private initiative for public affairs is destined to be appreciated more deeply. Empty government coffers and a regular exchange of views with experts from all over the world add impetus, even if concepts developed indigenously sometimes still lack a realistic approach to the vital issue of endowing and funding new foundations.

3. (transitive) Followed by with, or rarely by of: to enrich or furnish with some faculty or quality.

   Synonym: begift

   • [c. 1471, John Fortescue, “Here is Shewid, What off the Kynges Livelod Geven awey, mey Beste be Taken a Geyn”, in Charles Plummer, editor, The Governance of England: Otherwise Called The Difference between an Absolute and a Limited Monarchy […] (in Middle English), London: Oxford University Press; Humphrey Milford, published 1885 (1926 printing), OCLC 1342598, page 135:

     Wherby we bith lerned þat it shalnot only be goode to owre prince, but also to vs selff, that he be well indowed; ffor ellis the patriarke wolde not haue made such a trety.

     Whereby we have learned that it shall not only be good to our prince, but also to ourselves, that he be well endowed; for else the patriarch would not have made such a treaty.]

   • 1590, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Qveene. […], London: Printed [by John Wolfe] for VVilliam Ponsonbie, OCLC 960102938, book II, canto III, stanza 25, page 225:

     Vpon her eyelids many Graces ſate, / Vnder the ſhadow of her euen browes, / VVorking belgardes [beautiful looks], and amorous retrate [portrait], / And euerie one her with a grace endowes: [...]

   • 1599, The First Booke of the Preservation of King Henry the Vij. when He was but Earle of Richmond, Grandfather to the Queenes Maiesty: […], imprinted at London: By R. B. […], OCLC 18657886; republished as J[ohn] P[ayne] C[ollier], editor, The First Booke of the Preservation of King Henry the Vij. […] (Illustrations of Old English Literature; no. 11), [London?: s.n.], 1866, OCLC 29140658, page 31:

     Father Omnipotent, our Lord and only Redeemer, / [...] with thy grace my ſpirit endow: [...]

   • 1637, John Sym, “The Self-murderers Motives to Kill Themselves”, in Lifes Preservative against Self-killing. Or, A Vsefvl Treatise Concerning Life and Self-murder; […], London: Printed by M[iles] Flesher, for R[obert] Dawlman, and L[uke] Fawne, […], OCLC 43158044, §4 (Of Misunderstood Scripture Perverting the Iudgement; かつ the Remedy thereof), page 199:

     Firſt, it is needfull that we be indowed with humility of ſpirit, that denying our owne ſelves and carnall reaſon, wee may ſubmit to take ſuch ſence and meaning of the Scripture, as it of it ſelfe affords, with the aſſiſtance of the helps of the Church; and not to impoſe upon it any ſenſe of our owne making; [...]

   • 1811, Benjamin Stillingfleet, chapter VIII, in W[illiam] Coxe, editor, Literary Life and Select Works of Benjamin Stillingfleet, […], volume I (Literary Life), London: Printed by J[ames] Nichols and Son, […]; for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […], OCLC 951854294, page 119:

     [A]midst so many vicissitudes of fortune to which I have been exposed, amongst all the goods and evils, the joyful and gloomy, the pleasing and disagreeable circumstances of life, thou [God] endowest me with an equal, constant, manly, and superior spirit on every occasion.

   • 1818, [Mary Shelley], chapter VII, in Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. In Three Volumes, volume III, London: Printed [by Macdonald and Son] for Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, & Jones, OCLC 830979744, page 173:

     I am weak; but surely the spirits who assist my vengeance will endow me with sufficient strength.

   • 1860, Nathaniel Hawthorne, “A Walk on the Campagna”, in The Marble Faun: Or, The Romance of Monte Beni. [...] In Two Volumes, volume II, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, OCLC 459816658, page 237:

     [T]he sculptor lifted it [a round block of stone], turned it hither and thither in his hands, brushed off the clinging soil, and finally placed it on the slender neck of the newly discovered statue. The effect was magical. It immediately lighted up and vivified the whole figure, endowing it with personality, soul, and intelligence.

   • 1890 October 13, James Gibbons, “Introduction”, in James Jeffrey Roche; Mrs. John Boyle O’Reilly [i.e., Mary Agnes Murphy], editor, Life of John Boyle O’Reilly, [...] Together with His Complete Poems and Speeches, New York, N.Y.: Cassell Publishing Company, […], published 1891, OCLC 896509336, page vi:

     Thus was he [John Boyle O'Reilly] fitted to fulfill worthily the vocation of a poet. For it is not aimlessly that Divine Providence endows a human being with qualities so exceptional and exalted.

   • 1993, H. Zghal; D. R. Strong, “A Perspective on the Use of Sensors in Robot Materials Handling”, in M. B. Zaremba, editor, Information Control Problems in Manufacturing Technology 1992: Selected Papers from the 7th IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IMACS/ISPE Symposium, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 25–28 May 1992 (IFAC Symposia Series), Oxford, Oxfordshire: Published for the International Federation of Automatic Control by Pergamon Press, →ISBN, page 129, column 2:

     [P]roper use of sensory feedback is required to grant the industrial robot the required sensing capabilities and to endow it with the intelligence needed for detecting and adjusting to environmental disturbances.

   • 2005, Maurice H. P. M. van Putten, “Superluminal Motion in the Quasar 3C273”, in Gravitational Radiation, Luminous Black Holes, and Gamma-ray Burst Supernovae, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire; New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 1:

     General relativity endows spacetime with a causal structure described by observer-invariant light cones. [...] Points inside a light cone are causally connected with its vertex, while points outside the same light cone are out-of-causal contact with its vertex.

   • 2015, Michael C[harles] Corballis, “Wandering into Other Minds”, in The Wandering Mind: What the Brain Does when You’re Not Looking, Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, DOI:10.7208/chicago/9780226238753.001.0001, →ISBN, page 77:

     Just as we may endow people with physical properties, so we sometimes endow physical objects with human-like personalities or subjective states. Perhaps because of their capacity for interior accommodation, cars, ships, airplanes and even houses are often given female characteristics or referred to as 'she'.

   • 2016 April 7, Peter Bradshaw, “Dheepan review – a crime drama packed with epiphanic grandeur”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian‎^[1], London: Guardian News & Media, ISSN 0261-3077, OCLC 229952407, archived from the original on 30 December 2018:

     It's bulging with giant confidence and packed with outbursts of that mysterious epiphanic grandeur, like moments of sunlight breaking through cloud-cover, with which [Jacques] Audiard endows apparently normal sequences and everyday details.

4. (transitive) Usually in the passive: to naturally furnish (with something).

   Synonyms: bless, gift

   She was endowed with a beautiful voice.

   • 1561, Baldassare Castiglione, “The Fourth Booke of the Courtyer of Count Baldessar Castilio unto Maister Alphonsus Aristo”, in Thomas Hoby, transl.; W[illiam] E[rnest] Henley, editor, The Book of the Courtier: From the Italian of Count Baldassare Castiglione: Done into English (The Tudor Translations; XXIII), London: Published by David Nutt […], published 1900, OCLC 633457807, pages 337–338:

     And thus shal the aged Courtier, although he exercise not the qualities that he is indowed withal, comebye his ende at length, to instructe well hys Prince.

   • 1744, J[ohn] T[heophilus] Desaguliers, “Lecture X. Hydrostaticks.”, in A Course of Experimental Philosophy, volume II, London: Printed for W. Innys, […]; M. Senex, […]; and T[homas] Longman, […], OCLC 895076318, page 349:

     [T]he late Monſ. Du Faye [i.e., Charles François de Cisternay du Fay] obſerv'd, that there were two Sorts of Electricity, and that Bodies which are endow'd with one Sort of Electricity attract thoſe which are endow'd with the other Sort of Electricity, whilſt they repel thoſe which have the ſame Electricity.

   • 1787 December, “Art. XI. Chemical Essays. By R. Watson, […] Vol. V. 12mo. 4s. sewed. Evans. 1787. [book review]”, in The Monthly Review; or, Literary Journal, Enlarged, volume LXXVII, London: Printed for R[alph] Griffiths; and sold by T[homas] Becket, […], published 1794, OCLC 901376714, page 469:

     He [Richard Watson] produced many chemical, phyſical, and metaphyſical reaſons, which ſeem to render the ſuppoſition not altogether indefenſible, that vegetables are endowed with the faculty of perception.

   • 1859 November 24, Charles Darwin, “Recapitulation and Conclusion”, in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, […], London: John Murray, […], OCLC 1029641431, page 482:

     A few naturalists, endowed with much flexibility of mind, and who have already begun to doubt on the immutability of species, may be influenced by this volume; but I look with confidence to the future, to young and rising naturalists, who will be able to view both sides of the question with impartiality.

   • 1905 June 1, “Letter from Paris”, in The Monthly Musical Record, volume XXXV, number 414, London: Augener Limited, […], OCLC 7528549, page 113, column 1:

     A young violinist, thirteen years old—Mischa Elman—made his first appearance in Paris on April 2nd, in his own concert at the Salle de Agriculteurs. [...] Mischa Elman, indeed, is endowed with most precious gifts, for his art combines the legendary virtuosity of [Niccolò] Paganini with the fulness of sound, the purity of style, and the nobility of expression of [Joseph] Joachim.

Conjugation

別の表記

• indow (廃れた用法)

派生語

関連する語

参照

Further reading

• financial endowment on Wikipedia.

アナグラム

• Downe, Woden, downe, nowed, owned, woned