英和和英

語源

Borrowed from Latin concrētus, past participle of concrescō (to curdle) from con- (with, together) + crescō (to grow, rise).

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈkɒnkɹiːt/, [ˈkɒŋkɹiːt], (verb) /kənˈkɹiːt/, [kəŋˈkɹiːt]
• (General American, dialects of Canada) IPA: /ˌkɑnˈkɹit/, [ˌkɑŋˈkɹiːt], /ˈkɑnkɹit/, [ˈkɑŋkɹiːt]
• (Indic) IPA: /kɔn.kriʈ/, /kɔŋk.riʈ/
• 韻: -iːt

形容詞

concrete (comparative concreter, superlative concretest)

1. Real, actual, tangible.

   Fuzzy videotapes and distorted sound recordings are not concrete evidence that Bigfoot exists.

   Once arrested, I realized that handcuffs are concrete, even if my concept of what is legal wasn't.

   • 1909, William James, The Meaning of Truth: A Sequel to 'Pragmatism', London […]: Longmans, Green, and Co., page 173:

     l am perplexed by the superior importance which Dr, Pratt attributes to abstract trueness over concrete verifiability in an idea, and I wish that he might be moved to explain.

   • 1978, Jerry V. Diller, editor, Ancient Roots and Modern Meanings: A Contemporary Reader in Jewish Identity, New York, N.Y.: Bloch Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 244:

     That fact I think should be leading us to explore again what our tradition has always said, that militarization is not good for us as it is not good for the rest of humanity either, and we ought to be examining what in this generation that means in the toughest, realest, concretest form, what it means for us to be struggling toward.

   • 2011 December 16, Denis Campbell, “Hospital staff 'lack skills to cope with dementia patients'”, in Alan Rusbridger, editor, The Guardian‎, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 5 April 2023:

     Professor Peter Crome, chair of the audit's steering group, said the report "provides further concrete evidence that the care of patients with dementia in hospital is in need of a radical shake-up". While a few hospitals had risen to the challenge of improving patients' experiences, many have not, he said. The report recommends that all staff receive basic dementia awareness training, and staffing levels should be maintained to help such patients.

   • 2016 February 6, James Zogby, “Israel's prickliness blocks the long quest for peace”, in The National‎, archived from the original on 20 January 2022:

     The secretary general went on to express his concern with recent Israeli announcements to expand settlements in the occupied lands, urging them to: stop the demolitions of Palestinian homes and confiscation of Palestinian lands, address the humanitarian situation in Gaza and to take concrete steps to improve the daily lives of the Palestinian people. He also noted that all of these behaviours made more difficult the achievement of an Israel-Palestinian peace.

   • 2020 February 11, Julian E. Barnes, “White House Official Says Huawei Has Secret Back Door to Extract Data”, in The New York Times‎, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 4 June 2023:

     American intelligence officials have long said privately that Huawei has so-called back doors that could allow the company to obtain data that flows on the networks they build and maintain. But publicly, officials have spoken mostly about the potential that Huawei could provide Chinese officials with access to all kinds of data, without offering concrete proof.

   • 2023 August 21, Blake Brittain, “AI-generated art cannot be copyrighted under U.S. law, court rules”, in The Globe and Mail‎, Toronto, ON: The Woodbridge Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 23 August 2023:

     Mr. Thaler challenged the decision in federal court, arguing that human authorship is not a concrete legal requirement and allowing AI copyrights would be in line with copyright's purpose as outlined in the U.S. constitution to "promote the progress of science and useful arts."

   1. (category theory, of a category) Analogous to the categories of algebraic objects which category theory was created to generalize, in the sense of having objects which can be thought of as sets equipped with some additional structure. Formally, equipped with a faithful functor to the category of sets.
   2. (by extension, topos theory, of a category ${\displaystyle C}$ with respect to another category ${\displaystyle X}$) Equipped with a faithful functor to ${\displaystyle X}$ (called a base category), in which case ${\displaystyle C}$ is called a concrete category over ${\displaystyle X}$.
2. Being or applying to actual things, rather than abstract qualities or categories.

   Antonyms: intangible, abstract

   • 1725, Isaac Watts, Logick: Or, The Right Use of Reason in the Enquiry after Truth, […], 2nd edition, London: […] John Clark and Richard Hett, […], Emanuel Matthews, […], and Richard Ford, […], published 1726, →OCLC, part I (Of Perceptions and Ideas), page 58:

     Concrete Terms, while they expreſs the Quality, do alſo either expreſs, or imply, or refer to ſome Subject to which it belongs; as white, round, long, broad, wiſe, mortal, living, dead.

   • 1843, John Stuart Mill, “Fallacies of Confusion”, in A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence, and the Methods of Scientific Investigation. […], volume II, London: John W[illiam] Parker, […], →OCLC, page 465:

     As expressed in the premiss, the proposition appeals directly and in concrete language to the incapacity of the human imagination for conceiving a minimum.

   • 1902 July, Edward Dowden, “Walter Pater”, in The Atlantic‎, volume 90, number 537, Boston, M.A.; New York, N.Y.: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 1 January 2023, page 113, column 2:

     He will be occupied during his whole life with a study not of ideas apart from their concrete embodiment, not of things concrete apart from their inward significance, but with a study of expression, — expression as seen in the countenance of external nature, expression in Greek statue, mediæval cathedral, Renaissance altar-piece, expression in the ritual of various religions, and in the visible bearing of various types of manhood, in various exponents of tradition, of thought, and of faith.

   • 1996, David Foster Wallace, Infinite Jest […], Boston, Mass.; New York, N.Y.: Little, Brown and Company, →ISBN, page 239:

     The closer it comes to becoming concrete the more abstract it seems. Things get very abstract. The concrete room was the sum of abstract facts. Are facts abstract, or are they just abstract representations of concrete things?

   • 2014 April 7, James Wood, quoting Gianna Pomata, “Sergei Dovlatov and the Hearsay of Memory”, in The New Yorker‎, New York, N.Y.: Condé Nast Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 11 August 2023:

     Bologna was a stronghold of medical teaching. The city's famous university, established in 1088, is the oldest in the world. "What they had we call scholastic medicine," Pomata told me. "When we say 'scholastic,' we mean something that is very abstract, not concrete, not empirical."

3. Particular, specific, rather than general.

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:specific

   Antonyms: see Thesaurus:generic

   While everyone else offered thoughts and prayers, she made a concrete proposal to help.

   concrete ideas

   • 1860 December – 1861 August, Charles Dickens, Great Expectations […], volume II, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published October 1861, →OCLC, page 206:

     "How did you like my reading of the character, gentlemen?" said Mr. Waldengarver, almost, if not quite, with patronage. ¶ Herbert said from behind (again poking me), "massive and concrete." So I said boldly, as if I had originated it, and must beg to insist upon it, "massive and concrete."

   • 1925, F[rancis] Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby, New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner’s Sons, →OCLC, page 60:

     "Anyhow, he gives large parties," said Jordan, changing the subject with an urban distaste for the concrete. "And I like large parties. They're so intimate. At small parties there isn't any privacy."

   • 1954, Walter Allen, The English Novel: A Short Critical History, New York, N.Y.: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., page 370:

     The environments that hemmed in their isolation and the other human beings threatening it were certainly set down in the concretest detail; there is no question of their reality; yet at the center of most of Conrad's novels and stories is the solitary man fighting against what is outside him.

   • 1961 November 10, Joseph Heller, Catch-22 […], New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC, page 133:

     To German intelligence, Major —— de Coverley was a vexatious enigma; not one of the hundreds of American prisoners would ever supply any concrete information about the elderly white-haired officer with the gnarled and menacing brow and blazing, powerful eyes who seemed to spearhead every important advance so fearlessly and successfully.

   • 2022 August 24, Emily Zemler, quoting Soccer Mommy, “Soccer Mommy Searches for Freedom With 'Feel It All the Time' on 'Kimmel'”, in Rolling Stone‎, New York, N.Y.: Penske Media Corporation, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 6 October 2022:

     Nothing is really permanent. But, at the same time, so many things are forever. For me, that's always been something that's hard to grasp, because I'm a very concrete thinker. I want to be like, 'This is how things are, and there's a reason.'

   • 2023 February 13, Abe Asher, “Trudeau suggests link between four shot-down objects despite US playing down connection”, in The Independent‎, London: Independent News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 20 March 2023:

     In his remarks to reporters, Mr Trudeau offered few concrete details but was more willing to make a connection between the downed objects. He said he would discuss the issue further with Mr Biden at a scheduled meeting in March.

4. (not comparable) Made of concrete (building material).

   The office building had concrete flower boxes out front.

   • 1904–1907 (date written), James Joyce, “Eveline”, in Dubliners, London: Grant Richards, published June 1914, →OCLC, page 42:

     Few people passed. The man out of the last house passed on his way home; she heard his footsteps clacking along the concrete pavement and afterwards crunching on the cinder path before the new red houses.

   • 2016, Zadie Smith, Swing Time, New York, N.Y.: Penguin Press, →ISBN, page 46:

     I took the stairs down to the communal area and stood resting against a concrete pillar, watching my "brother" kick up little scraps of half-frozen turf.

   • 2020 August 21, Martin Chilton, “The tragedy of Ivan, the 'shopping mall gorilla' who drove America wild”, in Chris Evans, editor, The Daily Telegraph‎, London: Telegraph Media Group, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 9 December 2021:

     The video images of him banging on the concrete walls of his cell are wretched. The story of Ivan's plight was covered by everyone from People Magazine to the New York Times, who reported on the "sulking gorilla with matted hair" trapped in his concrete prison.

5. (obsolete) Made up of separate parts; composite. (Can we verify this sense?)

   Antonym: discrete

   • a. 1556 (date written), Hugh Latimer, The Sermons of the Right Reverend Father in God, Master Hugh Latimer, Bishop of Worcester. […], volume I, London: […] J. Scott, […], published 1758, →OCLC, pages 21–22:

     I cannot wholly expreſs him, I wot not what to call him, but a certain thing altogether made of the hatred of God, of miſtruſt in God, of wings, deceits, diſcord, manſlaughters, and in a word, a thing concrete and heaped up of perjuries, and made of all kind of miſchief.

     The spelling has been modernized.

   • 1659, Robert Gell, An Essay Toward the Amendment of the Last English-Translation of the Bible […], page 765:

     The reason why this wisdom so strengthens the wise, even more then many mighty men, so that one wise man more preserves the City then many strong men; it seems to be, because Wisdom both originally and formally, is concrete with power and might: and therefore whatsoever strength can do alone, that also can Wisdom do & more.

   • 1849, Washington Irving, Life of Oliver Goldsmith, revised edition, Chicago, Ill.: Belford-Clarke Co., →OCLC, page 50:

     In this sketch Goldsmith undoubtedly shadows forth his an noyances as travelling tutor to this concrete young gentleman, compounded of the pawnbroker, the pettifogger, and the West Indian heir, with an overlaying of the city miser.

6. (obsolete) Not liquid or fluid; solid.
   • [1611?], Homer, “Book XI”, in Geo[rge] Chapman, transl., The Iliads of Homer Prince of Poets. […], London: […] Nathaniell Butter, →OCLC; republished as The Iliads of Homer, Prince of Poets, […], new edition, volume I, London: Charles Knight and Co., […], 1843, →OCLC, pages 244–245:

     Ere the white body they could reach; and stuck, as telling how / They purpos'd to have pierc'd his flesh: his peril pierced now / The eyes of prince Eurypilus, Evemon's famous son; Who came close on, and with his dart struck duke Apisaon, / Whose surname was Phausiades, even to the concrete blood / That makes the liver: on the earth out gush'd his vital flood.

     The spelling has been modernized.

   • a. 1627 (date written), Francis Bacon, edited by James Spedding, Robert Leslie Ellis, and Douglas Denon Heath, The Works of Francis Bacon, […], volume V, London: Longman and Co.;  […], published 1858, →OCLC, page 469:

     He [Thales] saw that the breeding of animals is in moisture; that the seeds and kernels of plants (as long as they are productive and fresh), are likewise soft and tender; that metals also melt and become fluid, and are as it were concrete juices of the earth, or rather a kind of mineral waters; […]

   • 1684, Thomas Burnet, chapter IV, in The Theory Of The Earth: […], Book I, London: […] R. Norton, for Walter Kettilby, […], page 51:

     And therefore by analogy with all other liquors and concretions, the form of the Chaos, whether liquid or concrete, could not be the ſame with that of the preſent Earth, or like it: And conſequently, that form of the firſt or primigenial Earth which riſe immediately out of the Chaos, was not the ſame, nor like to that of the preſent Earth.

   • 1793 September, “Review of New Publications”, in The Gentleman's Magazine, volume LXIII, number 3, London: […] John Nichols […], Part II, page 828, column 1:

     The oily baſis of this ammoniacal ſoap, ſeparated by acids, is deſcribed as a concrete ſubſtance, of a greyiſh yellow colour, and ſomewhat more fuſible than wax; combined with fixed or volatile alkali it forms, we are told, a firm ſoap.

   • c. 1848, J[oseph] D[alton] Hooker, “Extracts from the Private Letters of Dr. J. D. Hooker, written during a Botanical Mission to India”, in William Jackson Hooker, editor, Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany, London: Reeve, Benham, and Reeve, published 1849, →OCLC, page 42:

     The natives distil a kind of arrack from the flowers, which are also eaten raw. The seeds, too, yield a concrete oil, by expression, used for lamps, and occasionally to fry withal.

名詞

concrete (countable and uncountable, plural concretes)

1. (countable, uncountable) A building material created by mixing cement, water, and aggregate such as gravel and sand.

   Hyponym: asphalt concrete

   Various types of concrete have been used in the construction of this highway.

   • 1973, Thomas Pynchon, Gravity's Rainbow, 1st US edition, New York: Viking Press, →ISBN, part 3: In the Zone, page 373:

     Smooth facets of buildings have given way to cobbly insides of concrete blasted apart, all the endless-pebbled rococo just behind the shuttering.

   • 2007 August 2, Brandon Keim, quoting Hendrik Van Oss, “Space-Age Concrete the Answer for Failing Bridges?”, in Wired‎, San Francisco, Calif.: Condé Nast Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 19 June 2021:

     In the next few decades, says Van Oss, building codes will change, opening the way for innovative materials. But while new concretes may be stronger and more durable, they are also more expensive - and whether the tendency of developers and the public to focus on short-term rather than long-term costs will also change is another matter.

   1. (especially) Such a material whose cement is Portland cement or a similar limestone derivative.

      Coordinate term: asphalt concrete

      The sidewalk was made of concrete that had been poured in large slabs.

      • 2022 October 7, Ben Mussett, “'As ugly as ugly can be': Why are there still temporary barriers around Union Station four years later?”, in Toronto Star‎, Toronto, ON: Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 26 August 2023:

        Within hours of the deadly van attack on April 23, 2018, the city installed a series of thigh-high concrete barriers around Union Station and other bustling spots in downtown Toronto.

2. (logic) A term designating both a quality and the subject in which it exists; a concrete term.
   • 1697, J[ohn] S[ergeant], Solid Philosophy Asserted Against the Fancies of the Ideists: […], London: […] Roger Clavil […] Abel Roper […] Thomas Metcalf, […], page 91:

     Whence follows, that the Abſtract Terms, [Entity] or [Eſſence] do properly ſignify [A Capacity of Being.] Tho' Entity is often us'd as a Concrete for the Thing it ſelf.

   • 1982, Leonard Peikoff, The Ominous Parallels: The End of Freedom in America, New York, N.Y.: Stein and Day/Publishers, →ISBN, page 331:

     Conceptualization is man's method of organizing sensory material. To form a concept, one isolates two or more similar concretes from the rest of one's perceptual field, and integrates them into a single mental unit, symbolized by a word.

   • 1990, Avi Sion, Future Logic, page 344:

     With regard to the physical domain, concretes are as a rule perceived through the senses.

   • 1997, Joseph A. Bracken, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, editors, Trinity in Process: A Relational Theology of God, New York, N.Y.: Continuum, →ISBN, page 154:

     However, how can such a structure of concretes and abstracts be made evident, which after all means that knowledge always aims at the concrete, the unprecedented, the irreducibly dissimilar, although cognition always happens in developing similarity through abstraction?

   • 2009, Alan Musgrave, “Pleonastic Platonism”, in Heather Dyke, editor, From Truth to Reality: New Essays in Logic and Metaphysics, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, pages 79–80:

     On the right-hand sides we have sentences asserting that an equivalence relation holds between concretes—that is, that they are identical in some respect.

3. (US) A dessert of frozen custard with various toppings.
   • 1990, John Lutz, Diamond Eyes, New York, N.Y.: Thomas Dunne Books, →ISBN, page 170:

     When Nudger and Claudia were finished eating they drove to the Ted Drewes frozen custard stand on Chippewa and stood in line for a couple of chocolate chip concretes. Drewes's concretes were delicious custard concoctions so thick that before the kids working behind the counter handed them to customers, they turned the cups upside down to demonstrate that the contents wouldn't pour out.

   • 2013, Jonanna Widner, Dallas & Fort Worth (Moon Handbooks), Berkeley, C.A.: Avalon Travel, →ISBN, page 86:

     Paradoxically richer and yet lighter than ice cream, frozen custard is softly served, and at Curly's you can have your I vanilla or chocolate flavor custard "concrete" style, with your choice of a rainbow of candy and fruit toppings whipped in.

   • 2003 July 16, Candy Sagon, “Nielsen’s Frozen Custard in Vienna”, in The Washington Post‎, Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 26 August 2023:

     Once there, she opts for a concrete -- Nielsen's thick, spoonable, frozen vanilla custard mixed with add-ins like Oreos or strawberries or chocolate chips and piled into a 16-ounce cup for $4.35. She can't eat it all, of course, which is why a couple of friends need to come along as well.

   • 2023 May 11, Allie Chanthorn Reinmann, “The Difference Between Milkshakes and Concretes (and How to Make Them)”, in Lifehacker‎, archived from the original on 8 June 2023:

     A concrete has some distinct differences from a milkshake, specifically, the custard base mixture, the final texture, and the mix-ins. Technically, the common ice cream you buy at the store and use in a regular milkshake is made from a custard base. A custard is dairy thickened with the help of heated whole eggs or egg yolks, and a concrete uses a custard base that has a higher ratio of egg yolks in the recipe than the average ice cream.

4. (perfumery) An extract of herbal materials that has a semi-solid consistency, especially when such materials are partly aromatic.
   • 1992, Julia Lawless, The Encyclopedia of Essential Oils: A Complete Guide to the Use of Aromatics in Aromatheraapy, Herbalism, Health & Well-Being, Shaftesbury, Dorset;  […]: Element, →ISBN, page 37:

     Most concretes contain about 50 per cent wax, 50 per cent volatile oil, such as jasmine; in rare cases, as with ylang ylang, the concrete is liquid and contains about 80 per cent essential oil, 20 per cent wax. The advantage of concretes is that they are more stable and concentrated than pure essential oils.

   • 2007, Celia Lyttelton, The Scent Trail: An Olfactory Odyssey, London […]: Bantam Books, →ISBN, page 37:

     Monsieur Roca held another concrete under my nose and asked if it reminded me of tea. I breathed in a refreshing green note of verbena, a smell that was so quintessentially English that I felt suddenly nostalgic. It was a daffodil scent; it symbolized spring and the hope that spring always brings. And finally he held out the mimosa concrete for me. As I breathed in its heady aroma I forgot all about the noxious fumes I'd inhaled as I'd walked towards the Robertet factory.

   • 2008, David G. Williams, The Chemistry of Essential Oils: An Introduction for Aromatherapists, Beauticians, Retailers and Students, second edition, Port Washington, N.Y.; Weymouth, Dorset: Micelle Press, →ISBN, page 226:

     Concretes, the waxy extracts produced by solvent extraction, were first introduced by the house of Roure, Bertrand Fils in Grasse, in 1873, and in 1888 Joseph Robert succeeded in developing a large-scale process for the solvent extraction of fragrant plants. This process was brought into commercial production two years later.

   • 2013, Karen Gilbert, Perfume: The Art and Craft of Fragrance, London; New York, N.Y.: CICO Books, →ISBN, page 67:

     Once the material is exhausted, the solvent containing the dissolved essential oil is distilled. This process removes the solvent, leaving behind the extracted matter, which is known as a concrete. The concrete is processed further to produce an absolute for use in perfumery.

5. (possibly obsolete) Sugar boiled down from cane juice to a solid mass.
   • 1848, The Sugar Question: […], Part II, London: Smith, Elder and Co., page 115:

     The concrete is made by ingredients which are to remove the feculencies from the cane-juice as soon as expressed from the mill and which check fermentation; indeed juice may be kept for a week after the canes have been gruond, without turning acid, when these ingredients have been used.

   • 1910 August 18, Edward W[iley] Duckwall, “Semi-Monthly Report of National Canners' Laboratory”, in The Canner and Dried Fruit Packer, volume XXXI, number 6, Chicago, I.L.: The Canner Publishing Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 24:

     Also molasses in the definition refers only to the product separated from the various sugar concretes specified in the purification of these raw sugars, while in trade terms what is defined under sugar cane syrup in the standards is often called molasses, the term "open kettle molasses" being used in this connection to indicate that the cane juice has been simply boiled down in open kettles.

   • 1959, An Industrial Waste Guide to the Cane Sugar Industry, page 1:

     In some areas of the Far East, for example, factories producing sugar concrete may process as little as one ton of sugar cane per day and a total of not over 100 tons of sugar cane per year. From this we go to the other extreme where factories in the West Indies and Mexico process as much as 20,000 tons of sugar cane per day and 2 to 3 million tons of sugar cane per year.

   • 1975, Lendal H[enry] Kotschevar, Quantity Food Purchasing, second edition, New York, N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 352:

     Maple sugar is crystallized from the concentrated sap of maple. Maple concrete can be purchased and water added to make maple syrup.

6. (obsolete) Any solid mass formed by the coalescence of separate particles; a compound substance, a concretion.
   • 1661, Robert Boyle, “Physiological Considerations Touching the Experiments Wont to be Employed to Evince either the IV Peripatetick Elements, or the III Chymical Principls of Mixt Bodies. Part of the First Dialogue.”, in The Sceptical Chymist: or Chymico-physical Doubts & Paradoxes, […], London: […] J. Cadwell for J. Crooke, […], →OCLC, page 26:

     And firſt, if I would now deal rigidly with my Adverſary, I might here make a great Queſtion of the very way of Probation which he and others employ, without the leaſt ſcruple, to evince, that the Bodies commonly cali'd mixt, are made up of Earth, Air, Water, and Fire, which they are pleas'd alſo to call Elements; namely that upon the ſuppos'd Analyſis made by the fire, of the former ſort of Concretes, there are wont to emerge Bodies reſembling thoſe which they take for the Elements.

   • 1665, R[obert] Hooke, Micrographia: Or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses. […], London: […] Jo[hn] Martyn, and Ja[mes] Allestry, printers to the Royal Society, […], →OCLC, page 13:

     Of this kind, I ſuppoſe, the Æther, that is the medium or fluid body, in which all other bodies do as it were ſwim and move; and particularly, the Air, which ſeems nothing elſe but a kind of tincture or ſolution of terreſtrial and aqueous particles diſſolv'd into it, and agitated by it, juſt as the tincture of Cocheneel is nothing but ſome finer diſſoluble parts of that Concrete lick'd up or diſſolv'd by the fluid water.

   • 1692 November 17, Richard Bentley, A Confutation of Atheism from the Origin and Frame of the World. Part II. […], London: […] H[enry] Mortlock […], published 1693, →OCLC, page 11:

     But if Gold it ſelf be admitted, as it muſt be, for a porous Concrete, the proportion of Void to Body in the texture of common Air will be ſo much the greater.

   • 1755 April 15, Samuel Johnson, “A′MBERGRIS”, in A Dictionary of the English Language: […], volume I (A–K), London: […] J[ohn] and P[aul] Knapton;  […], →OCLC, column 2:

     Some affirm it [ambergris] to be a true animal concrete, formed in balls in the body of the male ſpermaceti whale, and lodged in a large oval bag over the testicles.

参考

動詞

concrete (third-person singular simple present concretes, present participle concreting, simple past and past participle concreted)

1. (usually transitive) To cover with or encase in concrete (building material).

   I hate grass, so I concreted over my lawn.

   • 1919, Francis Lynde, David Vallory, New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner's Sons, page 322:

     In odd moments David had made an estimate on the cost of shooting down the menace in the eastern tunnel drifting and concreting the gash which would be left by the blasting out of the fissure material.

   • 1985, Reshad Feild, Here to Heal, Shaftesbury, Dorset: Element Books, →ISBN, page 84:

     At first they could not remember anything out of the ordinary, and then the farmer's wife remarked that they had changed the pattern of the milking parlour by concreting the area where the cows were waiting.

   • 2010 August 1, Louis Sahagun, “A journey of discovery on the L.A. River”, in Los Angeles Times‎, Los Angeles, Calif.: Los Angeles Times Communications, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 8 July 2023:

     Frequent catastrophic floods prompted civic leaders in the 1930s to transform the river into a flood-control channel to protect the burgeoning flatlands. Nearly the entire 51-mile river bottom was concreted over, except a few spots where the water table was too high.

2. (usually transitive) To solidify: to change from being abstract to being concrete (actual, real).
   • 1897, Mark Twain [pseudonym; Samuel Langhorne Clemens], “[Pudd’nhead Wilson] Chapter”, in The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson: And the Comedy Those Extraordinary Twins, Hartford, Conn.: American Publishing Company, →OCLC, pages 55–56:

     […] the necessity of recognizing this relation outwardly and of perfecting herself in the forms required to express the recognition, had moved her to such diligence and faithfulness in practicing these forms that this exercise soon concreted itself into habit; it became automatic and unconscious; then a natural result followed: […]

   • 1936, C. Reinold Noyes, The Institution of Property, New York, N.Y.; Toronto, Ont.; London: Longmans, Green and Co.; Humphrey Milford, page 536:

     Just so economics has concreted the concept of capital. The law needs a term for the material and quasi-material objects of property.

   • 1940, Kurt Riezler, Physics and Reality: […], New Haven, C.T.: Yale University Press, page 104:

     It is only such a logos that can concrete the concrete and make reality real.

3. (intransitive, archaic) To unite or coalesce into a solid mass.
   • a. 1728 (date written), Isaac Newton, “[The Third Book of Opticks.] ”, in Opticks: Or, A Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections and Colours of Light. […], 4th edition, London: […] William Innys […], published 1730, →OCLC, page 363:

     When any ſaline Liquor is evaporated to a Cuticle and let cool, the Salt concretes in regular Figures; which argues, that the Particles of the Salt before they concreted, floated in the Liquor at equal diſtances in rank and file, and by conſequence that they acted upon one another by ſome Power which at equal diſtances is equal, at unequal diſtances unequal.

   • 1731, John Arbuthnot, An Essay Concerning the Nature of Aliments, and the Choice of Them, According to the Different Constitutions of Human Bodies. […], London: […] J[acob] Tonson […], →OCLC, page 46:

     The Blood of ſome Perſons who have dy'd of the Plague could not be made to concrete, by reaſon of the Putrefaction already begun.

   • 1813, Everard Home, “On the Formation of Fat in the Intestines of living Animals”, in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, London: […] W[illiam] Bulmer and Co. […], →ISSN, →OCLC, page 152:

     At three years old, her mother observed something come from her, as she walked across the room, which, when examined, was found to be fat in a liquid state, which concreted when cold.

   • 1840, Jonathan Pereira, “Pista'cia Lentis'cus, Linn. L. E. D.—The Mastic or Lentisk Tree.”, in The Elements of Materia Medica; […], Part II, London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, page 1183:

     The mastic which concretes on the stem is called mastic in the tear, while that which falls to the earth constitutes common mastic.

使用する際の注意点

• Etymologically, the antonym of concrete is secrete (“exude, yield”), but the meanings of the two verbs have diverged so widely that this is scarcely noticed today.

派生語

参照

• “concrete”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

アナグラム

• cocenter