英和和英

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /fɔːs/
• (General American) enPR: fôrs, IPA: /foɹs/, [fo̞ɹs]
• (Indic) IPA: /foː(ɾ)s/, (spelling pronunciation) /fɒ(ɾ)s/
• (rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger) enPR: fōrs, IPA: /fo(ː)ɹs/
• (non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger) IPA: /foəs/
• 韻: -ɔː(ɹ)s

語源 1

From 中期英語 force, fors, forse, from Old French force, from Late Latin fortia, a noun derived from the neuter plural of Latin fortis (“strong”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise, high, hill”).

名詞

force (countable and uncountable, plural forces)

1. Ability to influence; strength or energy of body or mind; active power; vigour; might; capacity of exercising an influence or producing an effect.

   the force of an appeal, an argument, or a contract

   show of force

   • 1849–1861, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter XIV, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, volume (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

     He was, in the full force of the words, a good man.

   • 2018 December 1, Drachinifel, 9:45 from the start, in Anti-Slavery Patrols - The West Africa Squadron‎, archived from the original on 29 November 2024:

     After his actions were challenged by foreign governments and Parliament initially tried to put a stop to his action, Denman returned home and argued his case with enough force that, by 1848, the Royal Navy was handed active permission and encouragement to raze every last slave factory they could find to the ground, and full authority to stop any ship, of any flag, that was thought to be a slaver, with a guarantee with no censure from the government.

2. (physics) A physical quantity that denotes ability to push, pull, twist or accelerate a body and which has a direction and is measured in a unit dimensioned in mass × distance/time² (ML/T²): SI: newton (N); CGS: dyne (dyn).

   Coordinate terms: moment of force, torque, work, energy, power

   1. (uncountable) The generalized abstraction of this concept.

      Torque is the rotational version of force.

      Force is the result of fundamental interactions.

   2. (countable) A particular form or type of force.

      Most physicists deem there to be four fundamental forces: the weak force, the strong force, gravitation, and the electromagnetic force.

      fictitious forces

      1. (humorous or science fiction, with the, often capitalized) A metaphysical and ubiquitous power from the fictional Star Wars universe created by George Lucas. See usage note. [1977]
         • 1999 September 28, Mike Selvey, “Crenshaw vindicated by a chain reaction”, in The Guardian‎:

           The Europeans tried, my goodness how they tried. But on the day the US proved too strong and too inspired. They were, dammit, just better. And when Leonard's putt dropped they clearly had the force with them as well.

         • 2005, George Lucas, Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, spoken by Palpatine (Ian McDiarmid), published 2005:

           The dark side of the Force is a pathway to many abilities some consider to be unnatural.

   3. (countable) An instance of a physical force.
      • 2012 March, Henry Petroski, “Opening Doors”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, pages 112–3:

        A doorknob of whatever roundish shape is effectively a continuum of levers, with the axis of the latching mechanism—known as the spindle—being the fulcrum about which the turning takes place. Applying a force tangential to the knob is essentially equivalent to applying one perpendicular to a radial line defining the lever.

      Two forces acting upon the same point on an object will cancel out only if they have equal magnitude and opposite directions.

   4. (mass noun, possibly proscribed) Force understood as something of which there can be an amount.

      Heavier objects are those that are subject to more gravitational force.

3. (countable) Anything that is able to make a substantial change in a person or thing.
4. Something or anything that has the power to produce a physical effect upon something else, such as causing it to move or change shape.
5. (countable) Something that exerts influence.

   Near-synonyms: influence, factor, pressure

   force of nature

   1. (when in reference to that which it affects) Something that, over time, influences a system with which it interacts (with a connotation of underlyingness, subtlety, or indirectness).

      I believe that the main long-term force that guides a society's evolution is not the economy or the leaders, but the culture.

      Some skeptics have attributed changing temperatures to forces out of our control, such as axial procession.

      market forces

6. (uncountable) Power exerted against will or consent; compulsory power; violence; coercion.
   • 1591 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Second Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies. […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):

     which now they hold by force, and not by right

   1. (law) Either unlawful violence, as in a "forced entry", or lawful compulsion.
7. (countable) A group organized for the goal of attacking, controlling, or constraining, especially one with a set command structure (in particular, a military or police group).

   air force; police force

   Force Z

   • 1611 April (first recorded performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Cymbeline”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):

     Is Lucius general of the forces?

   • 1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

     "A fine man, that Dunwody, yonder," commented the young captain, as they parted, and as he turned to his prisoner. "We'll see him on in Washington some day. He is strengthening his forces now against Mr. Benton out there. […]."

   • 2004 April 15, “Morning swoop in hunt for Jodi's killer”, in The Scotsman:

     For Lothian and Borders Police, the early-morning raid had come at the end one of biggest investigations carried out by the force, which had originally presented a dossier of evidence on the murder of Jodi Jones to the Edinburgh procurator-fiscal, William Gallagher, on 25 November last year.

   1. Any large, organized group involved in a military engagement.
   2. (in the singular or plural) Military personnel, collectively, including any vehicles, ships, or aircraft. More broadly, the military or police altogether.

      After only a week, Japanese forces had captured Singapore from the British.

      reinforcements grew the American force in the area to 9,000

      Roman forces were

      1. (usually with "the", in the singular or plural) Synonym of police force.
         • 1880, [U.S.] House documents, page 64:

           Q. All the time that he was on the force?
           A. I cannot say that; but there were men on with me when I was on the force who were very good Republicans.
           Q. During all this time you have been on the police force?

         • 1992, Rage Against the Machine (band), Killing in the Name:

           Some of those that work forces / Are the same that burn crosses

         • 2012 February 1, Janice Kay Johnson, Between Love and Duty, Harlequin, →ISBN, page 77:

           Niall was on the force, too, a detective in major crimes.

8. (law, uncountable) The state of having legal weight, of being legally valid,.

   Near-synonym: effect (not limited to legal contexts)

   The law will come into force in January.

9. (countable) A magic trick in which the outcome is known to the magician beforehand, especially one involving the apparent free choice of a card by another person.
10. (linguistics, semantics, pragmatics) Ability of an utterance or its element (word, form, prosody, ...) to effect a given meaning.
    • 1962, J Gonda, The aspectual function of the R̥gvedic present and aorist, S̓-Gravenhage, Mouton, page 43:

      When the aspectual force of the verbal categories weakens, the 'terminative', punctual or determinative value of the prefix gains in importance,...

11. (financial mathematics, actuarial science) The annualized instantaneous rate of change at a particular timepoint.

    force of mortality

使用する際の注意点

• (science fiction): Outside of fiction, the force may be used as an alternative to invoking luck, destiny, or God. For example, the force was with him instead of luck was on his side, or may the force be with you instead of may God be with you.

Sense overview

Most of the main senses can be placed under the following umbrellas, all centered on the notion of influence:

• The ability to exert influence; in other words, power or strength (the original sense borrowed from French).
• Influence itself.
• Something by which influence takes place (as in the physics senses).
• Something that can or does exert influence (as in the military senses).
• Forced influence, i.e. coercion.

下位語

派生語

Collocations

参考

• Imperial unit: pound, poundal
• metric unit: newton

参照

• force on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

語源 2

From 中期英語 forcen, from Old French forcier, from Late Latin *fortiāre, from Latin fortia.

動詞

force (third-person singular simple present forces, present participle forcing, simple past and past participle forced)

1. (transitive) To make someone or something do something, often regardless of their will. [from 15c.]

   Synonym: thrust

   • 1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

     Captain Edward Carlisle […] felt a curious sensation of helplessness seize upon him as he met her steady gaze, […]; he could not tell what this prisoner might do. He cursed the fate which had assigned such a duty, cursed especially that fate which forced a gallant soldier to meet so superb a woman as this under handicap so hard.

   • 2009 July 23, “All things to Althingi”, in The Economist:

     The second problem is the economy, the shocking state of which has forced the decision to apply to the EU.

   • 2011 March 23, Tim Webb, Fiona Harvey, The Guardian:

     Housebuilders had warned that the higher costs involved would have forced them to build fewer homes and priced many homebuyers out of the market.

   • 2024 March 6, “Network News: Southern revises Coastway service”, in RAIL, number 1004, page 12:

     The hourly Southampton to London Victoria service via Horsham has been axed, as has the direct Littlehampton-Bognor Regis service, forcing passengers to change [trains] at Barnham.

2. (transitive) To constrain by force; to overcome the limitations or resistance of. [from 16c.]
   • 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 40, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book I, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:

     Shall wee force the general law of nature, which in all living creatures under heaven is seene to tremble at paine?

3. (transitive) To drive (something) by force, to propel (generally + prepositional phrase or adverb). [from 16c.]

   Synonym: thrust

   • 1697, Virgil, “(please specify the book number)”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:

     It stuck so fast, so deeply buried lay / That scarce the victor forced the steel away.

   • c. 1591–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Third Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iii]:

     to force the tyrant from his seat by war

   • 1655, Thomas Fuller, The Church-history of Britain; […], London: […] Iohn Williams […], →OCLC, (please specify |book=I to XI):

     Ethelbert […] ordered that none should be forced into religion.

   • 2007 November 4, The Guardian:

     In a groundbreaking move, the Pentagon is compensating servicemen seriously hurt when an American tank convoy forced them off the road.

4. (transitive) To cause to occur (despite inertia, resistance etc.); to produce through force. [from 16c.]

   The comedian's jokes weren't funny, but I forced a laugh now and then.

   • 1982 December 4, Sharon Page, “R2N2 Conference: Revitalizing the Movement”, in Gay Community News, volume 10, number 20, page 3:

     Janet Tobacman of Woman Organized for Reproductive Choice (WORC) in Chicago and New Jewish Agenda stated, "R2N2 needs omre discussion and action around sexuality in general," forcing a concern that had little discussion throughout the conference.

5. (transitive) To forcibly open (a door, lock etc.). [from 17c.]

   I forgot my keys in and so we had to force (open) the door.

6. (transitive) To violate (a woman); to rape. [from 14c.]

   Synonyms: abuse, defile, outrage; see also Thesaurus:rape

   • 1485, Sir Thomas Malory, chapter V, in Le Morte Darthur, book V:

     For yf ye were suche fyfty as ye be / ye were not able to make resystence ageynst this deuyl / here lyeth a duchesse deede the whiche was the fayrest of alle the world wyf to syre Howel / duc of Bretayne / he hath murthred her in forcynge her / and has slytte her vnto the nauyl

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 1, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:

     a young woman not farre from mee had headlong cast her selfe out of a high window, with intent to kill herselfe, only to avoid the ravishment of a rascally-base souldier that lay in her house, who offered to force her […].

7. (obsolete, reflexive, intransitive) To exert oneself, to do one's utmost. [from 14c.]
   • 1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum xxi”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book XVIII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

     And I pray you for my sake to force yourselff there, that men may speke you worshyp.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

8. To obtain or win by strength; to take by violence or struggle; specifically, to capture by assault; to storm, as a fortress.
9. (transitive, baseball) To create an out by touching a base in advance of a runner who has no base to return to while in possession of a ball which has already touched the ground.

   Jones forced the runner at second by stepping on the bag.

10. (whist) To compel (an adversary or partner) to trump a trick by leading a suit that he/she does not hold.
11. (archaic) To put in force; to cause to be executed; to make binding; to enforce.
    • 1612–1613 (date written), John Webster, The Tragedy of the Dutchesse of Malfy. […], London: […] Nicholas Okes, for Iohn Waterson, […], published 1623, →OCLC, Act I, scene ii:

      VVhat can the Church force more?

12. (archaic) To provide with forces; to reinforce; to strengthen by soldiers; to man; to garrison.
    • c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene v], page 150, column 1, lines 5–7:

      Were they not forc’d with thoſe that ſhould be ours, / We might haue met them darefull, beard to beard, / And beate them backward home.

13. (obsolete) To allow the force of; to value; to care for.
    • 1594, William Shakespeare, Lucrece (First Quarto), London: […] Richard Field, for Iohn Harrison, […], →OCLC:

      For me, I force not argument a straw.

14. To grow (rhubarb) in the dark, causing it to grow early.

Conjugation

派生語

参考

• coerce: To control by force.

語源 3

From 中期英語 force, forz, fors, from Old Norse fors (“waterfall”), from Proto-Germanic *fursaz (“waterfall”). Cognate with Icelandic foss (“waterfall”), Norwegian foss (“waterfall”), Swedish fors (“waterfall”). Doublet of foss.

名詞

force (plural forces)

1. (countable, Northern England) A waterfall or cascade.
   • 1778, Thomas West, A Guide to the Lakes in Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire:

     to see the falls or force of the river Kent

派生語

• forcefall

語源 4

From 中期英語 forcen, forsen, a use of force, with confusion of farce (“to stuff”).

動詞

force (third-person singular simple present forces, present participle forcing, simple past and past participle forced)

1. To stuff; to lard; to farce.
   • c. 1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Troylus and Cressida”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

     Wit larded with malice, and malice forced with wit.

派生語

• forcemeat

Further reading

• “force”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
• “force”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
• William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “force”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.

アナグラム

• Cofer, Corfe, corfe