instance),とは 意味・読み方・使い方

別の表記

• enstaunce (obsolete), instaunce (obsolete)

語源

Borrowed from Middle French instance, from Latin īnstantia (“a being near, presence, also perseverance, earnestness, importunity, urgency”), from īnstāns (“urgent”); see instant.

発音

• IPA: /ˈɪnstəns/

名詞

instance (countable and uncountable, plural instances)

1. (obsolete) Urgency of manner or words; an urgent request; insistence. [14th–19th c.]
   • 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 8, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:

     I know one very well alied, to whom, at the instance of a brother of his […], I spake to that purpose […].

   • 1814 July 7, [Walter Scott], Waverley; or, ’Tis Sixty Years Since. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), Edinburgh:  […] James Ballantyne and Co. for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, →OCLC:

     […] undertook at her instance to restore them.

   • 1916, William Howard Taft, Our Chief Magistrate and His Powers‎, New York: Columbia University Press, →OCLC, →OL, page 56:

     It was settled, as long ago as the first Congress, at the instance of Madison, then in the Senate, and by the deciding vote of John Adams, then Vice-President, that even where the advice and consent of the Senate was necessary to the appointment of an officer, the President had the absolute power to remove him without consulting the Senate.

2. (obsolete) A token; a sign; a symptom or indication.
   • c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene v]:

     It sends some precious instance of itself/ After the thing it loves.

3. (obsolete) That which is urgent; motive.
   • c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:

     The instances that second marriage move
     Are base respects of thrift, but none of love.

4. (obsolete) A piece of evidence; a proof or sign (of something). [16th–18th c.]
   • c. 1594 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Comedie of Errors”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):

     The reason that I gather he is mad, Besides this present instance of his rage, Is a mad tale he told to day at dinner […]

5. An occasion; an order of occurrence.
   • 1713, [Matthew Hale], “Concerning the Distribution of the Laws of England into Common Law, and Statute Law. And First, Concerning the Statute Law, or Acts of Parliament.”, in The History of the Common Law of England: […], [London]: […] J[ohn] Nutt, assignee of Edw[ard] Sayer Esq; for J. Walthoe, […], →OCLC, page 14:

     The Statutes, or Acts of Parliament themſelves. Theſe ſeem, as if in the Time of Edw[ard] I. they were drawn up into the Form of a Law in the firſt Inſtance, and ſo aſſented to by both Houſes, and the King, as may appear by the very Obſervation of the Contexture and Fabrick of the Statutes of thoſe Times.

6. A case offered as an exemplification or a precedent; an illustrative example. [from 16th c.]
   • August 30, 1706, Francis Atterbury, a sermon preach'd in the Cathedral Church of St. Paul, at the funeral of Mr. Tho. Bennet

     most remarkable instances of suffering

   • 1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:
     :

     sometimes we love those that are absent, saith Philostratus, and gives instance in his friend Athenodorus, that loved a maid at Corinth whom he never saw […]

7. One of a series of recurring occasions, cases, essentially the same.
   • 2006, Robert Spaemann, Persons: The Difference Between 'someone' and 'something', page 115:

     One's own death is an 'accidental' event, simply another instance of the general rule that human beings die.

   • 2010, Kenneth Anderson, How to Change Your Drinking: a Harm Reduction Guide to Alcohol, page 59:

     If you choose to drink again the best way to avoid another instance of withdrawal is to avoid drinking two days in a row.

   • 2010 October 11, Mark King, “Homeowners warned to be vigilant as identity and registration fraud rises”, in The Guardian‎:

     The organisations claim fraudsters are targeting properties belonging to both individuals and companies, in some instances using forged documents.

8. (computing) A specific occurrence of something that is created or instantiated, such as a database, or an object of a class in object-oriented programming. [from 20th c.]
   • 2000, Dov Bulka, David Mayhew, Efficient C++: Performance Programming Techniques, page 149:

     Some compilers will allow statics to be inlined, but then incorrectly create multiple instances of the inlined variable at run-time.

9. (massively multiplayer online games) A dungeon or other area that is duplicated for each player, or each party of players, that enters it, so that each player or party has a private copy of the area, isolated from other players.
   • 2006 September 1, Dan, “Re: DPS Classes: Why should I heal you?”, in alt.games.warcraft‎ (Usenet):

     As long as the most difficult instance you've tried is Gnomeregan, you're never going to be credible talking about 'difficult encounters'.

   • 2010, William Sims Bainbridge, Online Multiplayer Games, Morgan & Claypool, →ISBN, page 26:

     For example, when a team of five players enters the Sunken Temple instance in World of Warcraft, they will battle many monsters, but they will not encounter other players even though several teams of players may be experiencing the Sunken Temple at the same time.

   • 2012, anonymous gamer quoted in Andrew Ee & Hichang Cho, "What Makes an MMORPG Leader? A Social Cognitive Theory-Based Approach to Understanding the Formation of Leadership Capabilities in Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games", Eludamos, volume 6, page 31:

     Beating a difficult instance becomes second nature after running through it…a few times, with good leaders knowing exactly what to do and how to co-ordinate member actions.

10. (massively multiplayer online games) An individual copy of such a dungeon or other area.
    • 2005 January 11, Patrick B., “Re: Instance dungeons”, in alt.games.warcraft‎ (Usenet):

      The instance is created for the group that enters it.

    • 2005 December 6, Rene, “Re: Does group leader affect drops?”, in alt.games.warcraft‎ (Usenet):

      As soon as the first player enters (spawns) a new instance, it appears that the loottable is somehow chosen.

    • 2010, Anthony Steed, Manuel Fradinho Oliveira, Networked Graphics: Building Networked Games and Virtual Environments, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 398:

      A castle on the eastern edge of the island spawns a new instance whenever a party of players enters.

11. (Internet) An independent server on a decentralised social network, such as Mastodon.
    • 2017, Masaki Kohana et al., “A Topic Trend on P2P Based Social Media”, in Leonard Barolli, Makoto Takizawa, Tomoya Enokido, editors, Advances in Network-Based Information Systems: The 20th International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems (NBiS-2017), page 1140:

      To collect the messages, we select the mstdn.jp as the target instance. The mstdn.jp is one of the major Mastodon instances that has 123,331 users and connects to the 2415 other instances at 26 Feb 2017.

    • 2022, Derek Caelin, “Decentralized Networks vs The Trolls”, in Hoda Mahmoudi, Kate Seaman, Michael H. Allen, editors, Fundamental Challenges to Global Peace and Security: The Future of Humanity‎, page 157:

      In a poll I conducted on Mastodon, 42% of the 674 respondents said that they had reported something, whether it had been a spam account or hateful content, to their instance's moderator.

    • 2023, Chris Minnick, Michael McCallister, Mastodon for Dummies‎, page 14:

      Every Mastodon instance (neighborhood) has a code of conduct that you have to agree to before you join (move in).

反意語

下位語

等位語

派生語

関連する語

参考

• (computing) closure, class, object

動詞

instance (third-person singular simple present instances, present participle instancing, simple past and past participle instanced)

1. (transitive) To mention as a case or example; to refer to; to cite
   • 1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XII, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 93:

     The reason why so many fallacious opinions have passed into proverbs is owing to that carelessness which makes the individual instance the general rule.

   • 1858 December 8, “Meeting of the Farmers' Club.”, in The New-York Times, volume VIII, number 2252, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3, column 1; republished as Transactions of the American Institute, of the City of New York, for the Year 1858.‎, Albany: C. Van Benthuysen, 1859, page 179:

     Mr. BENSON estimated the amount of guano on Jarvis' Island at 5,000,000 tons, and on Baker's Island at no less. He instanced experiments to show that it was in no way inferior to the best Peruvian article. Another company had lately been formed to bring guano from still other islands lately discovered.

   • 1901 April 12, “Veterinary Departmental Report for February, 1901”, in The Agricultural Journal and Mining Record‎, volume 4, number 3, page 87:

     District Veterinary Surgeon Hutchinson's report from Newcastle is again worthy of notice, as instancing the difficulty of suppression of contagious disease under the disturbed conditions now existing in the northern part of the Colony.

   • 1946, E. M. Butler, Rainer Maria Rilke, page 404:

     The poems which I have instanced are concrete and relatively glaring examples of the intangible difference which the change of language made in Rilke's visions .

2. (intransitive) To cite an example as proof; to exemplify.
3. (massively multiplayer online games) To duplicate (a dungeon or other area) for each player, or each party of players, that enters it, so that each player or party has a private copy of the area, isolated from other players.
   • 2010 April 1, Scott F. Andrews, The Guild Leader's Handbook: Strategies and Guidance from a Battle-Scarred MMO Veteran, No Starch Press, →ISBN, page 124:

     In these games, such as World of Warcraft and Lord of the Rings Online, most significant PvP happens inside instanced or player-capped areas.

   • 2012 May 31, Ashok Kumar, Algorithmic and Architectural Gaming Design: Implementation and Development: Implementation and Development, IGI Global, →ISBN, page 302:

     This is an improvement compared to contemporary MMORPG which combine zoning and instancing, whereas replication is currently not available for a combination with either of them. Zoning (Cai, Xavier, Turner, & Lee, 2002; Macedonia, Zyda, […]

   • 2021 May 24, Mark J. P. Wolf, Encyclopedia of Video Games: The Culture, Technology, and Art of Gaming, 2nd Edition [3 volumes], ABC-CLIO, →ISBN, page 316:

     Instanced encounters standard in today's MMORPGs, but the lack of instancing in early EverQuest meant that the guild (a team of players operating as a team) or group(s) of players who raced to and engaged a target first could claim the […]

4. (transitive, computer graphics) To render (an object) as part of a batch, using the same geometry data.

関連する語

参照

• William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “instance”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.

• “instance”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.

アナグラム

• ancients, canniest, cantines, catenins, enactins, insectan, tenascin