英和和英

語源

The noun is derived from 中期英語 gost, from 古期英語 gāst, gǣst (“breath, spirit, soul, ghost”) (compare modern English Holy Ghost), from Proto-West Germanic *gaist, from Proto-Germanic *gaistaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéysdos, from *ǵʰéysd- (“anger, agitation”).

The h in the spelling appears in the Prologue to William Caxton’s Royal Book, printed in 1484, in a reference to the “Holy Ghoost”. It was likely influenced by Middle Dutch gheest, a common variant of geest. Both Caxton and his assistant Wynkyn de Worde had connections to the Low Countries. Doublet of geist.

The adjective and verb are derived from the noun. The verb gained prominence in the 2010s.

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ɡəʊst/
• (General American) IPA: /ɡoʊst/
• (General Australian) IPA: /ɡɐʉst/
• (Indic, spelling pronunciation) IPA: /ɡʱoːsʈ/
• 韻: -əʊst

名詞

ghost (countable and uncountable, plural ghosts)

1. A disembodied soul; a soul or spirit of a deceased person; a spirit appearing after death.

   Synonyms: apparition, bogey, phantom, revenant, specter, spook; see also Thesaurus:ghost

   Everyone believed that the ghost of an old lady haunted the crypt.

   He believes in ghosts.

   • 1667, John Dryden, Annus Mirabilis: The Year of Wonders, 1666. […], London: […] Henry Herringman, […], →OCLC, (please specify the stanza number):

     The mighty ghosts of our great Harries rose.

   • 1798, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere:

     I thought that I had died in sleep/And was a blessed ghost

   • 1886 October – 1887 January, H[enry] Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1887, →OCLC:

     For a moment I was puzzled, but presently, of course, it struck me that he must have seen Ayesha, wrapped in her grave-like garment, and been deceived by the extraordinary undulating smoothness of her walk into a belief that she was a white ghost gliding towards him.

   • 1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page vii:

     Hepaticology, outside the temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere, still lies deep in the shadow cast by that ultimate "closet taxonomist," Franz Stephani—a ghost whose shadow falls over us all.

2. (Christianity, literary, chiefly archaic) A spirit; a human soul.

   Synonyms: essence, soul, spirit, anima; see also Thesaurus:ghost

   • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto VII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 31:

     hen gins her grieued ghost thus to lament and mourne.

   • 2013, Kenneth Palmer, Just Thoughts: Looking at Man's Whole Self, page 20:

     Enlightening the eyes and a taste for hope, emotions are felt from an inward ghost.

   • 2014, Neville Moray, Science, Cells and Souls: An Introduction to Human Nature:

     If I thought that “I” referred to my inner ghost, I wouldn't be worried because a bullet can't hurt a ghost, and equally there would be no point in your shooting.

   • 2017, Anastasia Burton, You and I, in a Thousand Moons:

     It also required four years of finding your inner ghost and becoming one with it. The inner ghost is within every person who is still alive.

3. (by extension) Any faint shadowy semblance; an unsubstantial image.

   Synonyms: glimmer, glimmering, glimpse, hint, inkling, phantom, spark, suggestion.

   not a ghost of a chance

   the ghost of an idea

   • 1845 February, — Quarles [pseudonym; Edgar Allan Poe], “The Raven”, in The American Review‎, volume I, number II, New York, N.Y.; London: Wiley & Putnam, […], →OCLC:

     And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.

   • 1984 December 29, Duncan Mitchel, “The Cult of Gay Machismo”, in Gay Community News, volume 12, number 25, page 14:

     Armistead Maupin's novels reflect more awareness of, and affection for, the texture of real life than As If After Sex. Maupin's characters may get into cartoonlike adventures, but they are real people. Torchia's characters do drearily familiar things, but they are ghosts.

   • 2013 May-June, William E. Conner, “An Acoustic Arms Race”, in American Scientist‎, volume 101, number 3, archived from the original on 17 July 2013, pages 206–7:

     Earless ghost swift moths become “invisible” to echolocating bats by forming mating clusters close (less than half a meter) above vegetation and effectively blending into the clutter of echoes that the bat receives from the leaves and stems around them.

   • 2017 July 23, Brandon Nowalk, “The great game begins with a bang on Game Of Thrones (newbies)”, in The Onion AV Club‎:

     […] She barely answers his questions. She’s a ghost of herself. And then Hot Pie gives us the key to Arya’s whole thing this season so far: She didn’t know that Jon had defeated the Boltons.

4. A false image, for example in a photographic print or negative, or on a television screen or radar display, or in a telescope, caused by poor or double reception or reflection (from a lens or screen).

   Synonym: echo

   • 2007, Albert Abramson, The History of Television, 1942 to 2000, page 60:

     There was less flicker, jitter was nonexistent, and the screen pattern had been rendered far more viewworthy, with ghosts being virtually suppressed.

5. (cleaning) A faint image that remains after an attempt to remove graffiti.

   Synonym: shadow

   • 1992, M. J. Whitford, Getting Rid of Graffiti, Routledge, →ISBN, page 45:

     Regardless of GRM used, graffiti ghosts persist. Protect cladding with surface coating or replace with graffiti resistant paint or laminate.

6. (writing) Ellipsis of ghostwriter.

   I’ve written both as a ghost for experts and under my name.

7. A nonexistent person invented to obtain some (typically fraudulent) benefit.
   • 2004, Joint Learning Initiative, Global Equity Initiative, Human Resources for Health: Overcoming the Crisis, page 76:

     Some health systems are plagued by "ghost" and "absent" workers. Ghost workers are nonexistent, listed in the payroll, and paid, a clear sign of corruption.

   • 2008, The Asia-Pacific Human Development Report, page 63:

     1,500 secondary schools in Jiangxi found 125 cases of illegally collected Ghosts and Absentees fees worth $2 million.

   • 2023, Barony of Ponte Alto, Society for Creative Anachronism, Ponte Alto Pennsic Encampment 2023 - Barony Registration:

     Before filling out this form, please visit the Pennsic Pre-Registration Page to create your account and enter your campers and ghosts [nonexistent campers one pays for to legitimately increase the size of one's allotted camping space].

8. A dead person whose identity is stolen by another (see ghosting). (Can we verify this sense?)
9. (Internet) An unresponsive user on IRC, resulting from the user's client disconnecting without notifying the server.
   • 2004, Paul Mutton, IRC Hacks: 100 Industrial-Strength Tips & Tools, page 31:

     This will let you open a query with NickServ again so you can remove your “ghost” from the server: […]

10. (computing) A copy of a file or record.

    Synonym: backup

11. (theater) An understudy. (Can we verify this sense?)
12. (espionage) A covert (and deniable) agent.

    Synonyms: spook, spy

13. (video games) An opponent in a racing game that follows a previously recorded route, allowing players to compete against previous best times.
    • 2012, Keith Burgun, Game Design Theory: A New Philosophy for Understanding Games:

      This is also the case for some racing games (Super Mario Kart is a good example) that allow you to compete against your ghosts, which are precise recordings of your performance.

14. Someone whose identity cannot be established because there are no records of such a person.
    • 2014 August 19, Michael Sloan, The Equalizer: A Novel, Macmillan, →ISBN, page 156:

      " […] no record of a Robert, or Bobby, Maclain that fits our man's description," Kuzbec said. "No social, no driver's license, no address, no military service record. He's a ghost." Kirov did find that interesting.

    • 2015 November 3, Sherrilyn Kenyon, Born of Betrayal: The League: Nemesis Rising, St. Martin's Press, →ISBN:

      "He's a ghost. No record of any kind, anywhere. I got nothing when I did a trace. I'm thinking he was either erased or he's something we don't know about." Nyk rubbed at his jaw. "If he was erased, Syn, he'd have a record […]"

15. (quantum mechanics) An unphysical state in a gauge theory.
    • 1966, Kàzmèr L. Nagy, State Vector Spaces with Indefinite Metric in Quantum Field Theory, page 14:

      The proof is well known, and independent of the metric, but to make certain we prove it here also for the case when the state vector system of an operator contains multipole ghosts.

    • 2019, Radin Dardashti, Richard Dawid, Karim Thébault, Why Trust a Theory?, page 180:

      Soon after, the proof of the No-Ghost Theorem, establishing that the DRM has no ghosts if d ≤ 26, was achieved independently by Brower (1972) and by Goddard and Thorn (1972).

16. (computing, linguistics, attributive) A formerly nonexistent character that was at some point mistakenly encoded into a character set standard, which might have since become used opportunistically for some genuine purpose.

    彁 is a ghost character from the Japanese JIS X 0208 character set.

17. (countable) Ellipsis of ghost pepper.
    • 2018 October 2, Julie Thompson-Adolf, Starting & Saving Seeds: Grow the Perfect Vegetables, Fruits, Herbs, and Flowers for Your Garden, Cool Springs Press, →ISBN, page 68:

      Spicy or mild, lovely bells or scary ghosts, peppers belong in your garden. Not only are they delicious, they add a gorgeous pop of color to vegetable gardens. When starting pepper seeds, consider using a heat mat.

    • 2022 July 5, Alice Zaslavsky, In Praise of Veg: The Ultimate Cookbook for Vegetable Lovers, Appetite by Random House, →ISBN:

      Fresh chili has a glossy smooth skin like a bell pepper...unless you're in scorching territory, with the likes of Ghosts or Reapers (their name should give the game away), where the skin looks [wrinkled].

18. (uncountable, often capitalized) A game in which players take turns to add a letter to a possible word, trying not to complete a word.
    • 1897, Emma J. Gray, Fun for the Household: A Book of Games, page 110:

      GHOST. This is a spelling game. A person gives a letter, […] his next neighbor must think of a word beginning with this letter, and then say the second letter, […]

    • 2008 04, Joanne O'Sullivan, I Don't Care If We're There Yet: The Backseat Boredom Buster, Lark Books, →ISBN, page 183:

      […] word is, you win the round. But be warned : if she does have a real word in mind, you lose. Bluffing[:] It's possible to bluff in Ghost. For example, you can pretend to add a suffix to a word, even if that word doesn't exist. If no […]

    • 2013 July 17, Milton Pashcow, Sicilian Escapade: A Devil in Eden, Xlibris Corporation, →ISBN, page 21:

      […] played ghost, which was a popular word game at that time. Ghost was a very convenient game since it required no props, lights, or space. Each player must add a letter to the continuous formation of a word supplied by the previous player […]

    • 2018 June 12, Edward M. Hallowell, Because I Come from a Crazy Family: The Making of a Psychiatrist, Bloomsbury Publishing USA, →ISBN, page 26:

      […] played ghost, a word game. For quite a while, I spent most of my time at their house. I can't remember why I lived with them or exactly where my mother and my older brothers, Ben and John, were after Dad left. […]

    • 2017 November 1, Heidi Harley, English Words: A Linguistic Introduction, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN:

      Another game in which your phonotactic instincts are brought to bear is "Ghost," a good car game for spelling geeks. In Ghost, players take turns adding a letter to a string of letters. The letter added must create the beginning of a correctly spelled word, but you don't want to add a letter which will complete […]

19. (attributive, in names of species) White or pale.

    ghost slug

    ghost flower

20. (attributive, in names of species) Transparent or translucent.

    ghost ant

    ghost catfish

21. (attributive) Abandoned.

    ghost town

    ghost ship

22. (attributive) Remnant; remains.

    ghost apples (a thin layer of ice in the shape of an apple, which forms around it and is left behind when the apple rots and falls out)

    ghost fossils (impressions of things like shells that remain in the rock after the shell etc dissolves)

    ghost cell

    ghost craters (craters that have been filled, e.g. with volcanic deposits)

    ghost image

23. (attributive) Perceived or listed but not real.

    ghost cellphone vibration

    ghost pain

    ghost island

    ghost voter

    ghost job

24. (attributive) Of a cryptid, supernatural or extraterrestrial nature.

    ghost rocket

    ghost deer

25. (attributive) Substitute.

    ghost writer

    ghost singer

別の表記

• ghoast, gost (both obsolete)

派生語

派生した語

• → Japanese: ゴースト (gōsuto)

参考

形容詞

ghost (not comparable)

1. (African-American Vernacular, slang) In the form be ghost: not present or involved; absent, gone.
   • 2007, Abiola Abrams, Dare, page 296:

     Thug held up a middle finger. "A'ight y'all. I'm ghost."

   • 2019, “Going Through It” (track 6), in Ignorance Is Bliss, performed by Skepta:

     But I don't see no competition in the game and I'm pissing on it
     If it ain't about the family, then I'm ghost and that's a promise

動詞

ghost (third-person singular simple present ghosts, present participle ghosting, simple past and past participle ghosted)

1. (transitive)
   1. (literary, poetic)
      1. Of a disembodied soul: to appear (somewhere or to someone) in the form of an apparition; to haunt.
         • c. 1606–1607 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Anthonie and Cleopatra”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene vi], line 1221:

           since Julius Caesar, / Who at Philippi the good Brutus ghosted

      2. To imbue (something) with a ghost-like effect or hue.
         • 1938, Norman Lindsay, Age of Consent, 1st Australian edition, Sydney, N.S.W.: Ure Smith, published 1962, →OCLC, page 32:

           It spread slowly up from the sea-rim, a welling upwards of pure white light, ghosting the beach with silver and drawing the grey bastions of sandstone out of formless space.

   2. (by extension, figurative)
      1. To continuously cause (someone or something) trouble; specifically, to continuously be in the thoughts of (someone) in a disturbing manner; to perturb, to trouble.
      2. (slang) To kill (someone).
         • 2000, Jim Wheat, Ken Wheat, David Twohy, Pitch Black (film):

           My recommendation: Do me. Don't take the chance that I'll get shiv-happy on your wannabe ass. Ghost me, Riddick. Would if I were you. Though I notice he tried to ghost my ass. When he shot up that stranger instead.

         • 2004, Jim Wheat, Ken Wheat, David Twohy, The Chronicles of Riddick (film):

           He just ghosted two guys, and I never even saw him. Plan was to clean the bank, ghost the mercs, break wide through the tunnel.

         • 2013, Jim Wheat, Ken Wheat, David Twohy, Riddick (film):

           This may come as a shock to you, Johns, but I didn't ghost your son. He seemed set on killin' himself. Diaz was gonna take the nodes for himself and ghost me. He was gonna leave you out here alone.

         • 2017 September 28, Josh Corbin, 37:03 from the start, in Start Up, season 2, episode 6, spoken by Ronald Dacey (Edi Gathegi):

           RONALD: ”They tried to ghost your girl Isabel right here”. WES CHANDLER (played by Ron Perlman): ”Tried to ‘ghost’ her?” RONALD: ”Merk. 86. Put her down in the dirt. You feel me?”

      3. (computing)
         1. (graphical user interface) To gray out (a visual element) to indicate that it is unavailable.
            • 1991, Amiga User Interface Style Guide, page 76:

              Whenever a menu or menu item is inappropriate or unavailable for selection, it should be ghosted. Never allow the user to select something that does nothing in response.

         2. (Internet) To forcibly disconnect (an IRC user) who is using one's reserved nickname.
            • 2001, Luke, “to leave (vb.): Hurg [OT]”, in alt.games.lucas-arts.monkey-island (Usenet):

              I'm so untechnical that I once ghosted a registered IRC nick and then tried to identify myself to NickServ with the valid password before actually changing my nick to the aforementioned moniker.

      4. (chiefly social media, slang) To stop communicating with (someone) on social media, through text messages, etc., without explanation, especially as a way of ending a relationship; hence, to end a relationship with (someone) by stopping all communication without explanation.
         • 2015 October 15, “Why is it so hard to go from chatting on Tinder to meeting up in real life?”, in The Guardian‎, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 24 August 2016:

           I've recently been trying out Tinder, and while I match with people and even chat with them everything seems to be going well, but whenever I bring up meeting IRL, they are quick to ghost me.

         • 2016 March 21, Allison P. Davies, “What I Learned Tindering My Way Across Europe”, in Travel + Leisure‎, archived from the original on 6 January 2018:

           By 6 p.m., I had a list of restaurants to try from Hamish, a chef who couldn't meet, a follow-up from Adam ("I've never seen a room at the Ace...."), and an offer from Agoraphobic Paul to come over and "have a joint and a cuddle." I'd confirmed a walking tour of Greenwich from Max, who ghosted.

         • 2017 September 26, Judith Duportail, “I asked Tinder for my data. It sent me 800 pages of my deepest, darkest secrets”, in Katharine Viner, editor, The Guardian‎, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 21 March 2018:

           Tinder knows me so well. It knows the real, inglorious version of me who copy-pasted the same joke to match 567, 568, and 569; who exchanged compulsively with 16 different people simultaneously one New Year's Day, and then ghosted 16 of them.

         • 2018, Ling Ma, chapter 17, in Severance, →ISBN:

           He had texted, called, and emailed a bunch since then. I hadn't meant to ghost, but it was just easier not to deal with it.

      5. (chiefly UK, law enforcement) To transfer (a prisoner) to another prison, usually without first informing the prisoner.
         • 2020, Jamie Bennett, Victoria Knight, Prisoners on Prison Films, page 26:

           His power base, however, is undermined by him being constantly, “ghosted”, or moved from prison to prison.

   3. Synonym of ghostwrite (“to write (a literary work or speech), or produce (an artistic work)), in the place of someone”); also, to carry out (an artistic performance) in the place of someone.
      • 1955, Saturday Review (volume 38, part 2, page 27)

        Here's how it went: Larry Parks as elderly Al Jolson was watching Larry Parks playing young Al Jolson in the first movie — in other words, Parks ghosting for Parks. At the same time, Jolson himself was ghosting the voices for both of them.

      • 1976 September, Saul Bellow, Humboldt’s Gift, New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, →ISBN, page 41:

        Well, you wrote a few books, you wrote a famous play, and even that was half ghosted.

      • 1999, The Golden Age of Musicals, page 50:

        One of the few performers to triumph over ghosting was Ava Gardner in Freed's Show Boat (1951). Not only does she lip-synch with breathtaking accuracy, her performance gives the cotton-candy production its only underpinning of realism.

      • 2014 March 9, Elizabeth Day, “Is the LRB the best magazine in the world?”, in Alan Rusbridger, editor, The Guardian‎, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC:

        The current issue carries an extraordinary 26,000-word piece by Andrew O'Hagan on his failed attempt to ghost the WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange's memoir, which was trending on Twitter before copies even hit the news-stands.

        (Can we archive this URL?)

2. (intransitive)
   1. To appear suddenly or move like a disembodied soul; specifically (often sports); also (transitive, dated) followed by the dummy subject it: to move easily and quietly without anyone noticing; to slip.
      • 2011 September 24, David Ornstein, “Arsenal 3 - 0 Bolton”, in BBC Sport‎:

        Arsenal came into the match under severe pressure and nerves were palpable early on as Pratley was brilliantly denied by Szczesny after ghosting in front of Kieran Gibbs

      • 2011, Mark Harnden, In the Dark Backyard, →ISBN, page 59:

        At the flank of the main stage, I took root for an hour, until a female form ghosted in front of me that I recognised from university two years before.

      • 2012, Ian Tregillis, Bitter Seeds, →ISBN:

        He ghosted through the door. It clanged a few seconds later as his pursuer pounded on it.

   2. Followed by for: synonym of ghostwrite (“to write a literary work or speech, or produce an artistic work, in the place of someone”); also, to carry out an artistic performance in the place of someone.
   3. (nautical) Of a sailing vessel: to sail seemingly with very little or no wind.
      • 2016, Nathanael Johnson, Unseen City, →ISBN, page 192:

        They move without any visible sign of movement, like a wakeless ship ghosting over the water.

   4. (obsolete) Apparently only in the writings of the Dutch-English physician Gideon Harvey (c. 1636–1640 – c. 1700–1702): to die, to expire.

派生語

• ghoster
• ghosting (adjective, noun)

参照

Further reading

• ghost on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• ghost (disambiguation) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

アナグラム

• Goths, gosht, goths