Erとは 意味・読み方・使い方

代名詞

'er

1. Pronunciation spelling of her.

参考

• 'em
• 'im

アナグラム

• 're, RE, Re, Ré, r.e., re, re-

語源 1

Inherited from Middle English -ere, -er, from Middle English -ere, from 古期英語 -ere, from Proto-West Germanic *-ārī, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, usually thought to have been borrowed from Latin -ārius. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -er, West Frisian -er, Dutch -er, German Low German -er, German -er, Danish -er, Swedish -are, Icelandic -ari.

Compare the synonymous but unrelated Old French -or, -eor (Anglo-Norman variant -our), from Latin -(ā)tor, from Proto-Indo-European *-tōr.

別の表記

• -'er (following an abbreviation, または sometimes following a number)

接尾辞

-er

2. (added to verbs) A person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb; used to form an agent noun.

   Antonym: -ee

   ‎read + ‎-er → ‎reader

   ‎cook + ‎-er → ‎cooker

   ‎compute + ‎-er → ‎computer

   ‎run + ‎-er → ‎runner

   ‎toast + ‎-er → ‎toaster

   ‎swim + ‎-er → ‎swimmer

   ‎do good + ‎-er → ‎do-gooder

4. (added to verbs, informal) A person or thing to which the root verb is done or can be done satisfactorily.

   ‎look + ‎-er → ‎looker (“an attractive person”)

   ‎keep + ‎-er → ‎keeper (“a person または thing worth keeping”)

6. (added to nouns, chiefly denoting occupations) A person whose occupation is the root noun; (more broadly, occasionally with adjectives) a person characterized by the root.

   ‎astrology + ‎-er → ‎astrologer

   ‎baby boom + ‎-er → ‎baby boomer

   ‎conlang + ‎-er → ‎conlanger

   ‎cricket + ‎-er → ‎cricketer

   ‎trumpet + ‎-er → ‎trumpeter

   ‎zine + ‎-er → ‎ziner

8. (added to numbers, measurements または nouns denoting quantified sets) A person or thing to which a certain number or measurement applies.

   ‎six + ‎-er → ‎sixer

   ‎six foot + ‎-er → ‎six-footer

   ‎three-wheel + ‎-er → ‎three-wheeler

   ‎first grade + ‎-er → ‎first grader

10. (slang, chiefly entertainment, with few limitations) Used to form nouns shorter than more formal synonyms.

    ‎percent + ‎-er → ‎percenter (“commission agent”)

    ‎one hand + ‎-er → ‎one-hander (“one-man show”)

    ‎oat + ‎-er → ‎oater (“a Western-themed movie”)

12. (added to nouns) A person who is associated with, or supports a particular theory, doctrine, or political movement.

    ‎anti-vax + ‎-er → ‎anti-vaxxer

    ‎birth + ‎-er → ‎birther

    ‎flat earth + ‎-er → ‎flat-earther

    ‎truth + ‎-er → ‎truther

    ‎woke + ‎-er → ‎woker

14. (added to nouns または occasionally adjectives, generally) A thing that is related in some way to the root, such as by location or purpose.

    ‎bacon + ‎-er → ‎baconer (“pig raised for bacon”)

    ‎chocolate chip + ‎-er → ‎chocolate chipper (“cookie containing chocolate chips”)

    ‎sternwheel + ‎-er → ‎sternwheeler (“vessel driven by a sternwheel”)

使用する際の注意点

• The suffix may be used to form an agent noun of many verbs. In compound or phrasal verbs, the suffix usually follows the verb component (as in passerby かつ runner-up) but is sometimes added at the end, irrespective of the position of the verb component (do-gooder) or is added to both components for humorous effect (washer-upper).
• The occupational sense is often applied generally to members of a group, as in crewer (“a member of a crew”) and Z-lister (“one on the Z-list”); fans and hobbyists, as in K-popper (“a fan of K-pop”), and those who use a particular tool or instrument, as in JavaScripter (“a programmer who uses JavaScript”).
• The entertainment slang sense is sometimes referred to as the Variety -er.

派生語

参考

• -eer

語源 2

From Middle English -ere, from 古期英語 -ware (suffix denoting residency または meaning "inhabitant of"), from Proto-West Germanic *-wari, from Proto-Germanic *warjaz (“defender, inhabitant”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to close, cover, protect, save, defend”).

接尾辞

-er

2. (added to a proper noun) 接尾辞 denoting a resident or inhabitant of (the place denoted by the proper noun); used to form a demonym.

   ‎New York + ‎-er → ‎New Yorker

   ‎London + ‎-er → ‎Londoner

   ‎Dublin + ‎-er → ‎Dubliner

   ‎New England + ‎-er → ‎New Englander

3. 接尾辞 denoting residency in or around a place, district, area, or region.

   ‎island + ‎-er → ‎islander

   ‎highland + ‎-er → ‎highlander

   ‎eastend + ‎-er → ‎eastender

派生語

語源 3

From Middle English -re, -er, from 古期英語 -ru (複数形 suffix), from Proto-Germanic *-izō (複数形 suffix). Cognate with Dutch -er (複数形 ending), German -er (複数形 ending). See also -ren.

接尾辞

-er

1. (obsolete, no longer productive) 接尾辞 used to form the plural of a small number of English nouns.

   childer, calver, lamber, linder ("loins")

派生語

• -ren

語源 4

From Middle English -er, representing various noun-suffixes in Old French and Anglo-Norman, variously -er, -ier and -ieur, from Latin -aris, -arius, -atorium. As a productive suffix, now merged with the occupational sense of Etymology 1.

接尾辞

-er

1. Person or thing connected with.

   ‎bottle + ‎-er → ‎butler

参考

• -eer

語源 5

From Middle English -ere, from 古期英語 -ra, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀō, *-ōʀō, from Proto-Germanic *-izô or Proto-Germanic *-ōzô (a derivative of Etymology 6, below); related to superlative -est.

接尾辞

-er

2. (added to certain adjectives かつ adverbs, now especially short ones) More; used to form the comparative.

   ‎hard + ‎-er → ‎harder

   ‎wet + ‎-er → ‎wetter

   ‎fast + ‎-er → ‎faster

   ‎strong + ‎-er → ‎stronger

使用する際の注意点

• (more; used to form the 比較級): Most adjectives whose comparatives are formed using the suffix -er also form their superlatives using the suffix -est.
  • Final -y preceded by a consonant becomes -i- when the suffix -er or -est is added.

    easy → easier → easiest; gray → grayer → grayest

  • When the stress is on the final (または only) syllable of the adjective, and this syllable ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant is doubled when the suffix is added.

    dim → dimmer → dimmest

  • The suffixes -er and -est may be used to form the comparative and superlative of most adjectives and adverbs that have one syllable and some that have two or more syllables.

    hot → hotter → hottest; fast → faster → fastest; funny → funnier → funniest; sugary → sugarier → sugariest

  • Some adjectives and adverbs form their comparatives and superlatives irregularly:

    good → better → best; far → farther → farthest, or far → further → furthest, depending on the meaning

  • The comparatives and superlatives of other adverbs and adjectives that have two or more syllables, and adjectives that are participles are formed with more and most.

    rigid → more rigid → most rigid; enormous → more enormous → most enormous; burnt → more burnt → most burnt; freezing → more freezing → most freezing

  • If in doubt, use more to form the comparative and most to form the superlative; for example, thirsty may become thirstier and thirstiest, but more thirsty and most thirsty are also acceptable.
• Words ending with -ng are pronounced /ŋ/ by most dialects instead of /ŋɡ/. However, when -er or -est is added to an adjective, the /ɡ/ appears (in most dialects).

  long (/lɒŋ/) → longer (/ˈlɒŋ.ɡə(ɹ)/); young (/jʌŋ/) → youngest (/ˈjʌŋ.ɡɪst/)

語源 6

From Middle English -er, from 古期英語 -or, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōʀ, Proto-Germanic *-ōz.

接尾辞

-er

1. (added to certain adverbs) More; used to form the comparative.

語源 7

From Middle English -eren, -ren, -rien, from 古期英語 -erian, -rian, from Proto-West Germanic *-rōn, *-iʀōn, from Proto-Germanic *-rōną or *-izōną. Cognate with West Frisian -erje, Dutch -eren, German -eren, -ern, Danish -re, Swedish -ra.

接尾辞

-er

2. (added to a verb または imitative sound) Frequently; used to form frequentative verbs.

   twitter, clamber, bicker, mutter, wander, flutter, flicker, slither, smother, sputter

同意語

• (used to form frequentative): -le

参考

• Frequentative on Wikipedia.

語源 8

From Middle English -er, from Anglo-Norman -er, Old French -er, the infinitive verbal ending.

接尾辞

-er

2. (chiefly law, added to a verb) Instance of (the verbal action); used to form nouns from verbs.

   ‎disclaim + ‎-er → ‎disclaimer

   ‎remit + ‎-er → ‎remitter

   ‎misname + ‎-er → ‎misnomer

   ‎rebut + ‎-er → ‎rebutter

派生語

語源 9

From Middle English -er, -ere (diminutive suffix). Compare -el.

接尾辞

-er

1. (added to a verb または noun) Used to form diminutives.

   ‎shive + ‎-er → ‎shiver

   ‎slive + ‎-er → ‎sliver

   ‎splint + ‎-er → ‎splinter

語源 10

Attested in the UK since the 19th century. Originally Rugby School slang. Later adopted by Oxford University and then wider British society.

接尾辞

-er

2. (originally school slang) Used to form slang or colloquial equivalents of words.

   ‎association + ‎-er → ‎soccer (“association football”)

   ‎football + ‎-er → ‎footer (“association football”)

   ‎rugby + ‎-er → ‎rugger

   ‎Radcliffe + ‎-er → ‎Radder (“a building at Oxford University”)

派生語

• -zza

関連する語

• -ers

語源 11

From Middle English -er, from 古期英語 -er, -or, from Proto-Germanic *-raz. Compare -le.

接尾辞

-er

1. (now chiefly dialectal) A suffix creating adjectives from verbs, indicating aptitude, proneness, or tendency toward a specified action:

   ‎clive + ‎-er → ‎cliver (“apt to cleave または adhere to, tenacious, expert as seizing”)

   ‎slip + ‎-er → ‎slipper (“tending to make slip, slippery”)

   ‎wake + ‎-er → ‎waker (“tending to wake, watchful”)

同意語

• -le

語源 12

	A user has added this entry to requests for verification(+)
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From Mandarin -兒／-儿 (-ér).

接尾辞

-er

1. (Chinese literature) Junior, child, younger person. (Attached to a name, usually one syllable of the given name.)

   Li’er said hello to his father.

   • 1979, Women of China‎^[1], page 44:

     Yue’er began to laugh again and her tears shimmered like dew on a lotus leaf disturbed by a breeze. Then we heard a sound. It was Man’er.

   • 2002 [1934], Xiao Hong, “The Field of Life and Death”, in Howard Goldblatt, transl., The Field of Life and Death & Tales of Hulan River, →ISBN, page 32:

     The fish was laid out on the table, but Ping’er had not come back, nor had his father.

   • 2014 [1959], Zhong Lihe, “The Little Ridge”, in T. M. McClellan, transl., From the Old Country: Stories and Sketches of China and Taiwan, →ISBN, page 202:

     Ying’er was not yet three years old. Li’er had always been the one to play with her or to carry her places on his back.

使用する際の注意点

Especially in Mandarin Chinese literature that has been translated into English, the suffix is often left untranslated in unaccented pinyin. This practice is similar to the use of -kun / -chan / -san or sensei in English-language Japanese fiction.

等位語

• -chan

参考

参照

• -er at OneLook Dictionary Search
• Douglas Harper (2001–2023), “-er”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

アナグラム

• 're, RE, Re, Ré, r.e., re, re-

Latin

発音

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /er/, [ɛr]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /er/, [ɛr]

接尾辞

-er

1. first-person singular present passive subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)

発音

• IPA^(key): /er/

接尾辞

-er

1. Alternative form of -or

語源 1

Mimetic (sound of hesitation)

間投詞

er

1. Said when hesitating in speech.
   • 2012, Linda Miller, Desire and Destiny:

     If he—er—disappears—well, it seems to me that we'd both benefit.

   • 2019 December 10, Yacht Club Games, "Story" (Mona), in Shovel Knight Showdown (version 4.1), Nintendo Switch:

     Liquid Samurai: 'FORMLESS AND INFINITE ARE WE, THE LIQUID SAMURAI. I SERVE MY QUEEN, AS WE HAVE FOR COUNTLESS--' / Mona: 'HEY, I DON'T MEAN TO INTERRUPT, BUT YOU SEEM LIKE YOU'RE MADE OF POWERFUL STUFF. CAN I, ER, STUDY YOU?'

動詞

er (三人称単数 現在形 ers, 現在分詞 erring, 過去形および過去分詞形 erred)

1. (informal) To utter the word "er" when hesitating in speech, found in the phrase um and er.

   He ummed and erred his way through the presentation.

参考

• ah
• uh
• um

名詞

er (複数形 ers)

1. The name of the Cyrillic script letter Р / р.

アナグラム

• 're, RE, Re, Ré, r.e., re, re-

Latin

語源 1

From Proto-Italic *hēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰḗr (“hedgehog”) (whence also Ancient Greek χήρ (khḗr, “hedgehog”)), a root noun from *ǵʰer- (“to be excited, be bristly”), whence also Ancient Greek χοῖρος (khoîros, “young pig”) and Albanian derr (“pig”) from *ǵʰór-yos.^[1]

発音

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /eːr/, [eːr]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /er/, [ɛr]

名詞

ēr m (genitive ēris); third declension

1. hedgehog

使用する際の注意点

There is some uncertainty as to the exact forms of this word, especially regarding whether the lemma form of this was ēr or ēris, as the forms attested in literature could point to either option. Another form, irim (acc. sing.; found in Plautus, Capt. 184), seems to be a spelling variant.

語形変化

Third-declension noun.

関連する語

• ēricius (“hedgehog; picket”)

発音

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /er/, [ɛr]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /er/, [ɛr]

名詞

er f (indeclinable)

1. The name of the letter R.

使用する際の注意点

• Multiple Latin names for the letter R, r have been suggested. The most common is er or a syllabic r, although there is some evidence which also supports, as names for the letter, rē, rrr, ər, rə, and even (in the fourth- または fifth-century first Antinoë papyrus, which gives Greek transliterations of the Latin names of the Roman alphabet’s letters) ιρρε (irrhe).

等位語

• (Latin-script letter names) littera; ā, bē, cē, dē, ē, ef, gē, hā / *acca, ī, kā, el, em, en, ō, pē, kū, er, es, tē, ū, ix / īx / ex, ȳ / ī graeca / ȳpsīlon, zēta

参照

• "ēr", in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• ēr in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
• Arthur E. Gordon, The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 of University of California Publications: Classical Studies), especially pages 30–31, 42–44, and 63