hackとは

意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From Middle English hacken, hakken, from 古期英語 *haccian (“to hack”); attested in tōhaccian (“to hack to pieces”), from Proto-Germanic *hakkōną (“to chop; hoe; hew”), from Proto-Indo-European *keg-, *keng- (“to be sharp; peg; hook; handle”).

Cognate with Saterland Frisian häkje (“to hack”), West Frisian hakje (“to hack”), Dutch hakken (“to chop up; hack”), German hacken (“to chop; hack; hoe”), Danish hakke (“to chop”), Swedish hacka (“to hack; chop”), French hacher (“to chop”).

The computer senses date back to at least 1955 when it initially referred to creative problem solving. By 1963, the negative connotations of “black hat” or malicious hacking had become associated with telephone hacking (cf. phreaking).^[1]

動詞

hack (三人称単数 現在形 hacks, 現在分詞 hacking, 過去形および過去分詞形 hacked)

1. (transitive) To chop or cut down in a rough manner. [circa 12th c.]

   They hacked the brush down and made their way through the jungle.

   • 1912: Edgar Rice Burroughs, Tarzan of the Apes, Chapter 6

     Among other things he found a sharp hunting knife, on the keen blade of which he immediately proceeded to cut his finger. Undaunted he continued his experiments, finding that he could hack and hew splinters of wood from the table and chairs with this new toy.

2. (intransitive) To cough noisily. [19th c.]

   This cold is awful. I can't stop hacking.

3. To withstand or put up with a difficult situation. [20th c.]

   Can you hack it out here with no electricity or running water?

   • 2020 June 5, Alyson Krueger, “The Agonizing Question: Is New York City Worth It Anymore?”, in New York Times‎^[2]:

     New Yorkers have been fleeing for months. But the fear some residents have of the violent reactions to the protests here is adding a new challenge to those asking themselves whether they can hack the city. Many are deciding not to return.

4. (computing) To make a quick code change to patch a computer program, often one that, while being effective, is inelegant or makes the program harder to maintain.

   Synonyms: frob, tweak

   I hacked in a fix for this bug, but we'll still have to do a real fix later.

5. (computing) To accomplish a difficult programming task.

   He can hack like no one else and make the program work as expected.

6. (computing, slang, transitive) To work with something on an intimately technical level.

   I'm currently hacking distributed garbage collection.

7. (transitive, colloquial, by extension) To apply a trick, shortcut, skill, or novelty method to something to increase productivity, efficiency or ease.

   I read up on dating tips so I can hack my sex life.

8. (transitive, slang, computing) To hack into; to gain unauthorized access to (a computer system, e.g., a website, または network) by manipulating code.

   Synonym: crack

9. (transitive, slang, computing, by extension) To gain unauthorised access to a computer or online account belonging to (a person または organisation).

   When I logged into the social network, I discovered I'd been hacked.

10. (ice hockey) To strike an opponent's leg with one's hockey stick.

    He's going to the penalty box after hacking the defender in front of the goal.

11. (ice hockey) To make a flailing attempt to hit the puck with a hockey stick.

    There's a scramble in front of the net as the forwards are hacking at the bouncing puck.

12. (baseball) To swing at a pitched ball.

    He went to the batter's box hacking.

13. (soccer かつ rugby) To kick (a player) on the shins.
    • 2019, Barney Ronay, Liverpool’s waves of red fury and recklessness end in joyous bedlam (in The Guardian, 8 May 2019)[3]

      Barcelona had been harried and hurried and stretched thin by the midway point in the second half. Tackles flew in. Toes were crushed, shins barked, ankles hacked.

14. To strike in a frantic movement.
    • 2010 December 29, Chris Whyatt, “Chelsea 1 - 0 Bolton”, in BBC‎^[4]:

      Centre-back Branislav Ivanovic then took a wild slash at the ball but his captain John Terry saved Chelsea's skin by hacking the ball clear for a corner with Kevin Davies set to strike from just six yards out.

15. (transitive) To strike lightly as part of tapotement massage.
    • 1915, Louisa L. Despard, Handbook of Massage for Beginners, page 14:

      […] laterally from and then towards the spine, and continued downwards from the shoulders until the whole back has been hacked.

派生語

名詞

hack (countable かつ uncountable, 複数形 hacks)

1. A tool for chopping. [14th c.]
2. A hacking blow. [19th c.]
3. A gouge or notch made by such a blow.
   • c. 1602, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Troylus and Cressida”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act I, scene ii]:

     Look you what hacks are on his helmet !

4. A dry cough.
5. A hacking; a catch in speaking; a short, broken cough.
   • 1660, Henry More, An Explanation of the Grand Mystery of Godliness

     he speaks to this very question: which he does with so many hacks and hesitations

6. (figuratively) A try, an attempt. [19th c.]
7. (curling) The foothold traditionally cut into the ice from which the person who throws the rock pushes off for delivery.
8. (obsolete) A mattock or a miner's pickaxe.
9. (computing) An expedient, temporary solution, such as a small patch or change to code, meant to be replaced with a more elegant solution at a later date.
10. (computing) An interesting technical achievement, particularly in computer programming.
11. (colloquial) A trick, shortcut, skill, or novelty method to increase productivity, efficiency or ease.

    Putting your phone in a sandwich bag when you go to the beach is such a great hack.

12. (computing, slang) An illegal attempt to gain access to a computer network.
13. (computing, slang) A video game or any computer software that has been altered from its original state.
    • 2014, Clara Fernández-Vara, Introduction to Game Analysis (page 165)

      […] found out a discarded sex mini-game in the code, and made it available again in the modified PC version of the game that they nicknamed “Hot Coffee.” This hack of the game created a controversy, since the inclusion of sexual content would change its age rating, […]

14. (slang, military) Time check.
15. (baseball) A swing of the bat at a pitched ball by the batter.

    He took a few hacks, but the pitcher finally struck him out.

16. A kick on the shins in football.
    • 1857, Thomas Hughes, Tom Brown's School Days.

      “Ain't there just fine scrummages then! and the three trees you see there which come out into the play, that's a tremendous place when the ball hangs there, for you get thrown against the trees, and that's worse than any hack.”

17. (uncountable, slang, naval) Confinement of an officer to their stateroom as a punishment.
    • 1986, Jim Cash; Jack Epps Jr., Top Gun, spoken by Stinger (James Tolkan):

      You've been busted, you lost your qualifications as section leader three times, put in hack twice by me, with a history of high speed passes over five air control towers, and one admiral's daughter!

    • 2013, David Cauthen, When Destiny Comes to a Fork in the Road, p. 426:

      “Lieutenant Cauthen, you've got ten seconds to explain yourself before I put you in hack!”

18. (military, slang) An airplane of poor quality or in poor condition.
    • 1952, Air Reservist (page 6)

      Henebry's planes returned to Japan to reload, and early in the morning brought almost 3,000 more troopers to Korea […] Before sunrise next day, all troops in the maneuver had been picked up again and airlifted in “Henebry Hacks” back to Japan.

    • 1967, Christian Advocate (volume 47, page 292)

      […] so that he had to make the 300-mile journey in a “hack” plane which had spluttering engines, which did not conduce to an easy mind nor to a comfortable journey; […]

引用

• For quotations using this term, see Citations:hack.

同意語

• (access attempt): crack
• (an illegal means to gain advantage): exploit
• (expedient, temporary solution): band-aid, contrivance, improvision, improvisation, kludge, makeshift, quick fix, patch
• (trick to increase productivity または efficiency): lifehack

関連する語

• marginal hacks

語源 2

Variations of hatch, heck.

名詞

hack (複数形 hacks)

1. (falconry) A board which the falcon's food is placed on; used by extension for the state of partial freedom in which they are kept before being trained.
2. A food-rack for cattle.
3. A rack used to dry something, such as bricks, fish, or cheese.
4. A grating in a mill race.

動詞

hack (三人称単数 現在形 hacks, 現在分詞 hacking, 過去形および過去分詞形 hacked)

1. To lay (bricks) on a rack to dry.
2. (falconry) To keep (young hawks) in a state of partial freedom, before they are trained.

語源 3

Abbreviation of hackney (“an ordinary horse”), probably from place name Hackney

名詞

hack (複数形 hacks)

1. A horse for hire, especially one which is old and tired. [from 16th c.]
2. A person, often a journalist, hired to do routine work. [from 17th c.]

   I got by on hack work for years before I finally published my novel.

3. (derogatory) Someone who is available for hire; hireling, mercenary.
4. (slang) A taxicab (hackney cab) driver.
5. (now chiefly Canada, 米国用法, colloquial) A vehicle let for hire; originally, a hackney coach, now typically a taxicab. [from 17th c.]
   • 1728, [Alexander Pope], “(please specify |book=1 to 3)”, in The Dunciad. An Heroic Poem. In Three Books, Dublin; London: […] A. Dodd, OCLC 1033416756:

     On horse, on foot, in hacks and gilded chariots.

   • 1993, TC Boyle, The Road to Wellville, Penguin, published 1994, page 227:

     The interurban wasn't running because of the holiday, and the hacks, if there were any, would have been clustered round the Post Tavern at the other end of town.

6. A hearse.
   • 1920s, Jimmie Rodgers, Frankie and Johnny

     Bring out the rubber-tired buggie/Bring out the rubber-tired hack/I'm takin' my Johnny to the graveyard/But I ain't gonna bring him back

7. (derogatory, authorship) An untalented writer.

   Dason is nothing but a two-bit hack.

   He's nothing but the typical hack writer.

8. (derogatory) One who is professionally successful despite producing mediocre work. (Usually applied to persons in a creative field.)
9. (derogatory) A talented writer-for-hire, paid to put others' thoughts into felicitous language.
10. (politics) A political agitator. (slightly derogatory)
11. (obsolete) A writer who hires himself out for any sort of literary work; an overworked man; a drudge.
    • 1767, Oliver Goldsmith, Epitaph on Edward Purdon

      Here lies poor Ned Purdon, from misery freed, / Who long was a bookseller's hack.

12. (obsolete) A procuress.

同意語

• (A saddle horse which is old かつ tired): nag

等位語

• (worthless horse): bum

動詞

hack (三人称単数 現在形 hacks, 現在分詞 hacking, 過去形および過去分詞形 hacked)

1. (dated) To make common or cliched; to vulgarise.
2. (equestrianism) To ride a horse at a regular pace; to ride on a road (as opposed to riding cross-country etc.).
3. (obsolete) To be exposed or offered or to common use for hire; to turn prostitute.

   (Can we find かつ add a quotation of Hanmer to this entry?)

4. (obsolete) To live the life of a drudge or hack.
   • 1765, Oliver Goldsmith, The Double Transformation

     Poor madam , now condemn'd to hack
     The rest of life with anxious Jack

5. To use as a hack; to let out for hire.
6. To use frequently and indiscriminately, so as to render trite and commonplace.
   • 1865, John Henry Newman, An Internal Argument for Christianity

     The word "remarkable" has been so hacked of late.

語源 4

From hackysack

名詞

hack (複数形 hacks)

1. A small ball usually made of woven cotton or suede and filled with rice, sand or some other filler, for use in hackeysack.

動詞

hack (三人称単数 現在形 hacks, 現在分詞 hacking, 過去形および過去分詞形 hacked)

1. To play hackeysack.

Further reading

• hack on Wikipedia.
• hack at OneLook Dictionary Search
• hack in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.

参照