_Subtle_の英語

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) enPR: sŭt'l, IPA: /ˈsʌtl̩/
• (General American) IPA: /ˈsʌtəl/, [ˈsʌɾɫ̩]
• 韻: -ʌtəl
• ハイフネーション: sub‧tle

語源 1

The adjective is derived from 中期英語 sotil, soubtil, subtil (“of a person, the mind, etc.: clever, ingenious, penetrating; cunning, sly; insidious; delicate, fine; not dense, light, thin; finely powdered; narrow, slender; etc.”), borrowed from Anglo-Norman sotel, subtil, sutil, Middle French soutil, subtil, sutil, and Old French sotil, soutil, subtil, sutil (“of an object: skilfully designed or made; delicate, fine; slender, thin; of an intangible thing: difficult to understand; of a person: discerning, shrewd; devious, sly; etc.”) (modern French subtil), from Latin subtīlis (“of texture: delicate, fine; slender, thin; accurate, keen; having fine judgment; etc.”), from sub (“below, under”) + tēla (“warp (threads running lengthwise in a loom); web”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tetḱ- (“to create, produce; to cut, hew”), from *teḱ- (“to beget, sire”)). The word displaced 古期英語 smēag (literally “creeping”).

The modern and 中期英語 (and French) spellings with -b- are influenced by Latin subtīlis; the letter was probably never pronounced.

The noun is derived from 中期英語 sotil, soubtil, subtil (“wise person; sophisticated people collectively”), from the adjective.

形容詞

subtle (comparative subtler or more subtle, superlative subtlest or most subtle)

1. Senses relating to tangible things.
   1. Of an action or movement: very delicate or slight, and thus barely noticeable; not obvious; inconspicuous, unintrusive.
      • 1712, Richard Blackmore, Creation: A Philosophical Poem. Demonstrating the Existence and Providence of a God. In Seven Books, book I, London: Printed for S. Buckley, at the Dolphin in Little-Britain; and J[acob] Tonson, at Shakespear's Head over-against Catherine-Street in the Strand, OCLC 731619916; 5th edition, Dublin: Printed by S. Powell, for G. Risk, G. Ewing, and W. Smith, in Dame's-street, 1727, OCLC 728300884, page 7:

        The mighty Magnet from the Center darts / This ſtrong, tho' ſubtile Force, thro' all the Parts: / Its active Rays ejaculated thence, / Irradiate all the wide Circumference.

   2. (archaic) Having a delicate or fine substance or texture; hence, exquisite, refined.
   3. (archaic) Slender, thin.
   4. (archaic) Of a substance: finely powdered; also, of particles of a substance: very fine or small.
   5. (archaic) Of weight: after the tare (“weight of an empty container”) has been subtracted; net.

      Antonym: gross

   6. (historical) Of a substance, especially a gas or liquid: of low density or thin consistency; rarefied, tenuous; hence, tending to spread everywhere due to this quality.
   7. (nautical, obsolete, rare except historical) Synonym of subtile (“of a ship: narrow, slender”).
2. Senses relating to intangible things.
   1. Of an argument or concept, words, etc.: requiring one to distinguish between fine points, especially if it is difficult to do so; nice; also (generally), difficult to grasp; not easily understood or obvious.

      Synonyms: see Thesaurus:subtle

      Antonyms: simple, straightforward; see also Thesaurus:obvious

   2. Giving only a slight impression; elusive, indistinct; also, skilfully restrained or understated.

      Synonyms: see Thesaurus:indistinct

      Antonyms: see Thesaurus:distinct

      The difference between the tones is subtle, but you can hear it if you listen carefully.

      • 2013 August 12, Stephen Bowie, “The Case against Breaking Bad”, in The A.V. Club‎, archived from the original on 15 November 2019:

        Although the show gradually grows more subtle, much of the early writing that establishes the characters is so on the nose it hurts. Any time we see Walt [Walter White] in class, it’s certain that what he writes on the chalkboard will echo events in his secret life.

   3. Of an artist, a musician, etc.: having a light touch; sensitive.
   4. Of a person: sensitive to the feelings of others; discreet, tactful.
   5. Of a person, their intellect or mind, etc.: discerning, perceptive, shrewd, wise.

      Synonyms: see Thesaurus:wise

      Antonyms: see Thesaurus:foolish

      • 1597, Richard Hooker, “Of the Sacrament of the Body & Bloud of Christ”, in J[ohn] S[penser], editor, Of the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie, […], 2nd edition, London: […] Will[iam] Stansby [for Matthew Lownes], published 1611, →OCLC, book V, page 359:

        [T]his heauenly foode is giuen for the ſatisfying of our emptie ſoules, and not for the exerciſing of our curious and ſubtle vvits.

      • 1644, John Milton, Areopagitica; a Speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicenc’d Printing, to the Parlament of England, London: [s.n.], →OCLC, page 30:

        Lords and Commons of England, conſider vvhat Nation it is vvherof ye are, and vvherof ye are the governours: a Nation not ſlovv and dull, but of a quick, ingenious, and piercing ſpirit, acute to invent, ſuttle and ſinevvy to diſcours, not beneath the reach of any point the higheſt that human capacity can ſoar to.

      • 1668, John Denham, “The Progress of Learning”, in Poems and Translations, with The Sophy, London: […] [John Macock] for H[enry] Herringman […], →OCLC, page 183:

        VVhen ſubtle VVits have ſpun their thred too fine, / Tis vveak and fragile like Arachnes line: […]

      • 1769, William Robertson, “Book VII”, in The History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V. […], volume III, London: […] W. and W. Strahan, for W[illiam] Strahan, T[homas] Cadell, […]; and J. Balfour, […], →OCLC, pages 62–63:

        [Tomaso] Malvenda, a Spaniſh divine, vvho took the conduct of the debate on the part of the Catholics, managed it vvith all the ſubtle dexterity of a ſcholaſtic metaphyſician, more ſtudious to perplex his adverſaries than to convince them, and more intent on palliating error than on diſcovering truth.

      • 1830 July, [Thomas Babington] Macaulay, “[Contributions to the Edinburgh Review.] Sadler’s Law of Population.”, in T[homas] F[lower] E[llis], editor, The Miscellaneous Writings and Speeches of Lord Macaulay, new edition, London: Longman, Green, Reader, & Dyer, published 1871, →OCLC, page 229:

        The most subtle and powerful intellects have been labouring for centuries to solve these difficulties.

      • 1906 January–October, Joseph Conrad, chapter XI, in The Secret Agent: A Simple Tale (Collection of British Authors; 3995), copyright edition, London: Bernhard Tauchnitz, published 1907, →OCLC, page 231:

        Like a peripatetic philosopher, Mr. Verloc, strolling along the streets of London, had modified Stevie's view of the police by conversations full of subtle reasonings.

   6. Acting (especially causing harm) in a stealthy, often gradual, manner; insidious.
      • c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i], page 173:

        And if King Edward be as true and iuſt, / As I am Subtle, Falſe, and Treacherous, […]

      • 1922, E[ric] R[ücker] Eddison, “The Wrastling for Demonland”, in The Worm Ouroboros: A Romance, London: Jonathan Cape […], →OCLC, page 24:

        As for thee, false friend, subtle fox, unfaithful servant, this long time am I grown weary of thee slinking up and down my palace devising darkly things I know not: thou, that art nought akin to Witchland, but an outlander, a Goblin exile, a serpent warmed in my bosom to my hurt.

   7. (archaic) Of a person or their fingers or hands, their ability, etc.: dexterous, skilful.
   8. (archaic) Of a person or animal, or of an action or words: clever or skilful in a crafty or devious way; cunning, sly, wily.

      Synonyms: see Thesaurus:wily

      • a. 1536 (date written), Thomas More, “The Life of John Picus Erle of Myrandula, […]. Twelue Rules of John Picus Earle of Mirandula, Partely Exciting, Partely Directing a Man in Spiritual Bataile. [The .IX. Rule.].”, in Wyllyam Rastell [i.e., William Rastell], editor, The Workes of Sir Thomas More Knyght, […], London: […] Iohn Cawod, Iohn Waly, and Richarde Tottell, published 30 April 1557, →OCLC, page 23:

        If thou thinke thy ſelfe well fenſed and ſure, / Againſt euery ſottle ſuggeſtion of vice, / Conſider fraile glaſſe may no diſtres endure, / And great aduentures oft curſe the dire: […]

      • a. 1548 (date written), Edward Hall, Richard Grafton, “[The Vnquiet Tyme of Kyng Henry the Fourthe.] An Introduccion into the History of Kyng Henry the Fourthe.”, in The Vnion of the Two Noble and Illustre Famelies of Lancastre & Yorke, […], London: […] Rychard Grafton, […] [and Steven Mierdman], published 1550, →OCLC, folio i, verso:

        By vnion of the Godhed to the manhod, manne was ioyned to God whiche before by the temptacion of the ſubtle ſerpente, was from hym ſegregate and deuided.

      • a. 1569 (date written), Roger Ascham, “The First Booke for the Youth [Teachyng the Brynging vp of Youth]”, in Margaret Ascham, editor, The Scholemaster: Or Plaine and Perfite Way of Teaching Children, to Vnderstand, Write, and Speake, the Latin Tong, […], London: […] John Daye, […], published 1570, →OCLC, folio 15, verso:

        Yea, rede Terence and Plaut[us] aduiſedlie ouer, and ye ſhall finde in thoſe two wiſe writers, almoſt in euery commedie, no vnthriftie yong man, that is not brought there vnto, by the ſotle inticement of ſom lewd ſeruant.

      • 1583, Iohn Caluin [i.e., John Calvin], “On Wednesday the VIIJ. of May. 1555. The XVJ. Sermon which is the Second vpon the Third Chapter”, in Arthur Golding, transl., The Sermons of M. Iohn Caluin vpon the Fifth Booke of Moses Called Deuteronomie: […], London: […] Henry Middleton for Thomas Woodcocke, →OCLC, page 94, column 1:

        He that is ſuttleleſt and fulleſt of ſhiftes, is the handſommeſt man: and ſuch kinde of dealing is eſteemed as a vertue.

      • 1591 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Second Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies. […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i], page 145, column 1:

        A ſubtle Traitor needs no Sophiſter.

      • c. 1605–1608 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life of Tymon of Athens”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iii], page 95, column 1:

        Is not thy kindneſſe ſubtle, couetous, / If not a Vſuring kindneſſe, and as rich men deale Guifts, / Expecting in returne tvventy for one?

      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 3:1, signature A2, recto, column 2:

        Now the ſerpent was more ſubtill then any beaſt of the field, which the lord God had made, and he ſaid vnto the woman, Yea, hath God ſaid, Ye ſhall not eat of euery tree of the garden?

      • 1646 (indicated as 1645), John Milton, “Sonnet VII”, in Poems of Mr. John Milton, […], London: […] Ruth Raworth for Humphrey Mosely, […], →OCLC, page 49:

        Hovv ſoon hath Time the ſuttle theef of youth, / Stoln on his vving my three and tvventith yeer!

      • 1667, John Milton, “Book VIII”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC, signature [Ee4], verso, lines 180–184:

        [H]e held on / His midnight ſearch, vvhere ſooneſt he might fine / The Serpent: him faſt ſleeping ſoon he found / In Labyrinth of many a round ſelf-rovvld, / His head the midſt, vvell ſtor'd vvith ſuttle vviles: […]

      • 1671, John Milton, “The Second Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, London: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC, page 45, lines 322–327:

        VVhy ſhould that / Cauſe thy [Jesus's] refuſal, ſaid the ſubtle Fiend [Satan], / Haſt thou not right to all Created things, / Ovve not all Creatures by juſt right to thee / Duty and Service, nor to ſtay till bid, / But tender all their povver?

      • 1818–1819 (date written), Percy Bysshe Shelley, “Prometheus Unbound”, in Prometheus Unbound […], London: C[harles] and J[ames] Ollier […], published 1820, →OCLC, Act I, scene i, page 36:

        Geryon, arise! and Gorgon, / Chimæra, and thou Sphinx, subtlest of fiends / Who ministered to Thebes Heaven's poisoned wine, / Unnatural love, and more unnatural hate: / These shall perform your task.

      • 1818 August, Percy Bysshe Shelley, “Rosalind and Helen”, in Rosalind and Helen, a Modern Eclogue; with Other Poems, London: […] [C. H. Reynell] for C[harles] and J[ames] Ollier, […], published 1819, →OCLC, page 36:

        [T]hrough their ears, / The subtle witchcraft of his tongue / Unlocked the hearts of those who keep / Gold, the world's bond of slavery.

   9. (obsolete) Of ground used for bowling: not smooth; uneven.
      • c. 1608–1609 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Coriolanus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene ii], page 26, column 1:

        Like to a Bovvle vpon a ſubtle ground / I haue tumbled paſt the throvv: […]

      • 1631, [Ben Jonson], Chloridia. Rites to Chloris and Her Nymphs. […], London: […] Thomas Walkley, →OCLC, signature B, recto:

        [V]pon Tityus his breſt, that (for ſixe of the nine acres) is counted the ſubtleſt bovvling-ground in all Tartary.

   10. (obsolete) Of an object: cleverly contrived or made; also, of a plan, etc.: cleverly contrived or carried out.

別の表記

• subtil, subtile, subtill, suttle (all obsolete)

派生語

名詞

the subtle (uncountable)

1. People or things that are subtle (adjective sense) as a class.

語源 2

Partly from both of the following:

• From 中期英語 sotilen, subtile, subtilien (“to reflect on (something); to become mentally keen; to connive, scheme; to contrive, invent; to become pure or thin; to (cause something to) become light or thin; (medicine) to lighten or reduce (a diet)”), from Anglo-Norman sotiller, soutiller, sutiller, Middle French soutiller, soutillier, and Old French soutillier (“to make thin; to sharpen; to split hairs when arguing; to scheme, plot”), from Old French sotil, soutil, subtil, sutil (noun) (see etymology 1) + -ier (suffix forming infinitives of first-conjugation verbs), partly influenced by Late Latin subtīliāre, the present active infinitive of subtīliō (“to act craftily; to diminish”), from Latin subtīlis (adjective) (see etymology 1) + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs).
• From subtle (adjective).

動詞

subtle (third-person singular simple present subtles, present participle subtling, simple past and past participle subtled) (transitive)

1. (chiefly US) To make (something) subtle (“giving only a slight impression; also, skilfully restrained or understated”).
2. (obsolete, rare, uncertain) To burn (someone or something) to ash.
   • 1624 (first performance), John Fletcher, Rule a Wife and Have a Wife. A Comoedy. […], Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] Leonard Lichfield […], published 1640, →OCLC, Act IV, scene i, page 43:

     A fire ſubtle ye, are ye ſo crafty.

派生語

• outsubtle
• subtling (noun)

参照

Further reading

• subtle (disambiguation) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “subtle”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.
• “subtle”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.

アナグラム

• bluest, butles, sublet, bustle, Bustle, bluets