CHARMとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From 中期英語 charme, from Old French charme (“chant, magic spell”), from Latin carmen (“song, incantation”). Displaced native 古期英語 lybb (“drug, poison, charm”).

別の表記

• charme (obsolete)

名詞

charm (countable and uncountable, plural charms)

1. An object, act or words believed to have magic power (usually carries a positive connotation).

   Synonyms: incantation, spell, talisman; see also Thesaurus:amulet, Thesaurus:magic spell

   a charm against evil

   It works like a charm.

   • 1961, Harry E. Wedeck, Dictionary of Aphrodisiacs, New York: The Citadel Press, page 223:

     The witch, repository of hieratic lore and folk legends and occult arcana, became the distributor of philtres and unguents, electuaries and pastilles, herbs and charms and incantations - directed toward sexual pleasures and amatory satisfactions.

2. (often in the plural) The ability to persuade, delight or arouse admiration.

   Synonyms: appeal, attraction, charisma

   Antonyms: boredom, dryness

   He had great personal charm.

   She tried to win him over with her charms.

   • 1667, John Milton, “Book VIII”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

     […] the charm of Beauties powerful glance.

   • 1697, [William] Congreve, The Mourning Bride, a Tragedy. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, Act I, page 1:

     Muſick has Charms to ſooth a ſavage Breaſt,
     To ſoften Rocks, or bend a knotted Oak.

   • 1714, Alexander Pope, “The Rape of the Lock”, in The Works of Mr. Alexander Pope, volume I, London: […] W[illiam] Bowyer, for Bernard Lintot, […], published 1717, →OCLC, canto V, page 160:

     Charms ſtrike the ſight, but merit wins the ſoul.

   • 1769, Firishta, translated by Alexander Dow, Tales translated from the Persian of Inatulla of Delhi, volume I, Dublin: P. and W. Wilson et al., page 15:

     Her coyneſs was conquered by aſſiduity, and at laſt ſhe conſented to reſign the treaſure of her charms to my paſſion.

3. A small trinket on a bracelet or chain, etc., traditionally supposed to confer luck upon the wearer.

   Synonyms: amulet, dangle, ornament; see also Thesaurus:amulet

   She wears a charm bracelet on her wrist.

4. (collective) A group of goldfinches or other songbirds, or sometimes hummingbirds.

   Synonym: flock

   • 2020, Janine Urbaniak Reid, The Opposite of Certainty: Fear, Faith, and Life in Between‎, Thomas Nelson, page 263:

     It's a charm of hummingbirds, a rare sight.

   • 2014, Laurie Lee, I Can't Stay Long‎, Open Road Media:

     Nearby, a charm of nightingales flooded the daylit branches of a wood.

   • 2015, Wayne L. Ney, The Story of the Messiah: A Historical Account of the Life of Jesus Christ‎, WestBow Press, page 168:

     Therefore, do not fear, but trust in your Father's unfailing care, for you are more precious than a charm of sparrows.

   • 1924, John Henry Salter, Bird Life Throughout the Year‎, Swarthmore Press, page 182:

     There is the silvertoned twitter of a "charm" of Goldfinches at the thistle-heads, and, above all, there is the cheerful uproar of the Rooks once more.

   • 1906, L. B. Mouritz, “Ornithological Observations in Surrey”, in Zoologist: A Monthly Journal of Natural History‎, Newman West, page 102:

     24th. - Two Green Sandpipers, fifty Mute Swans, and five Herons at Hedgecourt Pond; a small "charm" of Goldfinches near Lingfield (C. H. B.).

   • 1896, Arthur Thomas Fisher, Outdoor Life in England‎, R. Bentley & Son, page 99:

     When it was desired to attract a 'charm' of goldfinches or other birds, the string was pulled, and the braced bird was thus thrown up into the air, and on the flock settling the nets were pulled over, the captured birds transferred to a cage, in the top of which was a hole large enough to admit of a hand being inserted, the leg of a stocking being nailed round the hole and tied in a knot to prevent the birds escaping.

   • 2017, Peggy A. Wheeler, The Splendid and Extraordinary Life of Beautimus Potamus‎, Dragon Moon Press:

     They looked up to see, sitting a tight knot attempting to conceal themselves on a branch thick with leaves and blossoms, the charm of purple finches.

   • 1929 August, Esther Forbes, “Ann Douglas Sedgwick and Her Novels”, in The Bookman‎, volume 69, Dodd Mead and Company, page 574:

     the "charm" of yellow goldfinches flying against the unearthly blue of the sky!

   • 1961 July, The Manchester Guardian Weekly‎, volume 61, page 15:

     I observed a charm of chaffinches get up at my approach and they seemed to be all females

5. (particle physics) A quantum number of hadrons determined by the number of charm quarks and antiquarks.

   Coordinate term: strangeness

   • 1975 July 31, Sandra Blakeslee, “Another Particle Believed Discovered”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN:

     In trying to understand the long life of the psi particle, physicists postulated the notion of “charm.” Charm, they say, prevents the “easy” decay of particles and thus prolongs their lifetimes. U particles, Dr. Pert said, may carry the property of charm.

   • 2020, James E. Dodd, Ben Gripaios, The Ideas of Particle Physics, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 173:

     Mesons which combine the charmed quark with the up or down antiquarks are denoted the D mesons. These mesons carry explicit charm (i.e. have a non-zero charm quantum number), just as the K mesons carry strangeness.

6. (finance) A second-order measure of derivative price sensitivity, expressed as the instantaneous rate of change of delta with respect to time.

   Synonyms: delta decay, DdeltaDtime

   Hypernym: Greeks

7. (graphical user interface, Microsoft Windows) An icon providing quick access to a command or setting.
   • 2012, J. Peter Bruzzese, Using Windows 8:

     Undoubtedly one of the most important pieces to navigating Windows 8, charms are actually not visible until a command to show them is given.

派生した語

• → Danish: charm
• → German: Charm
• → Swedish: charm

動詞

charm (third-person singular simple present charms, present participle charming, simple past and past participle charmed)

1. To seduce, persuade or fascinate someone or something.

   Synonyms: delight, enchant, enamor, entrance, fetch

   He charmed her with his dashing tales of his days as a sailor.

   • 1667, John Milton, “Book I”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

     […] they, on thir mirth & dance / Intent, with jocond Muſic charm his ear;

   • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC, page 58:

     The Celebrity, by arts unknown, induced Mrs. Judge Short and two other ladies to call at Mohair on a certain afternoon when Mr. Cooke was trying a trotter on the track. The three returned wondering and charmed with Mrs. Cooke; they were sure she had had no hand in the furnishing of that atrocious house.

2. (transitive) To use a magical charm upon; to subdue, control, or summon by incantation or supernatural influence; to ensorcel or exert a magical effect on.

   Synonyms: bewitch, enchant, ensorcel, enspell

   After winning three games while wearing the chain, Dan began to think it had been charmed.

   • 1611 April (first recorded performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Cymbeline”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene ii], page 389, column 2:

     Nor no witch-craft charme thee.

3. To protect with, or make invulnerable by, spells, charms, or supernatural influences.

   She led a charmed life.

   • 1611 April (first recorded performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Cymbeline”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii], page 393, column 1:

     I, in mine owne woe charm’d, / Could not finde death, […]

4. (obsolete, rare) To make music upon.
   • 1579, Immeritô [pseudonym; Edmund Spenser], “October. Ægloga Decima.”, in The Shepheardes Calender: […], London: […] Hugh Singleton, […], →OCLC, folio 42, recto:

     But ah my corage cooles ere it be warme, / For thy, content vs in thys humble ſhade: / Where no ſuch troublous tydes han vs aſſayde, / Here we our ſlender pipes may ſafely charme.

5. To subdue or overcome by some secret power, or by that which gives pleasure; to allay; to soothe.
   • 1687 (date written), Alexander Pope, “Ode for Musick on St. Cecilia’s Day”, in The Works of Mr. Alexander Pope, volume I, London: […] W[illiam] Bowyer, for Bernard Lintot, […], →OCLC, canto VII, page 378:

     Music the fierceſt griefs can charm, / And fate's ſevereſt rage diſarm: […]

派生語

語源 2

Synchronically a variant of chirm, but reflects 中期英語 charme (or unattested *charm), from 古期英語 ċearm (“cry, alarm”), from Proto-West Germanic *karm, masculine variant of *karmi f, from Proto-Germanic *karmiz, *karm(j)az (“cry, lament, calling sound”). Near-doublet of chirm, which is from the feminine counterpart.

別の表記

• jarm (dialectal)

名詞

charm (plural charms)

1. The mixed sound of many voices, especially of birds or children.
   • 1591, Ed[mund] Sp[enser], “The Teares of the Muses”, in Complaints. Containing Sundrie Small Poemes of the Worlds Vanitie. […], London: […] William Ponsonbie, […], →OCLC:

     […] Free libertie to chaunt our charmes at will: […]

   • 1667, John Milton, “Book IV”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

     Sweet is the breath of morn, her riſing ſweet,
     With charm of earlieſt Birds;

   • 1955, William Golding, The Inheritors, Faber and Faber, published 2005, page 152:

     The laughter rose like the charm of starlings.

2. A flock, group (especially of finches).
   • 2018, Holly Ringland, The Lost Flowers of Alice Hart:

     A charm of finches flew overhead, singing into the vivid afternoon sky.

Further reading

• charm (quantum number) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• charm quark on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

アナグラム

• March, march