「began」に関連した英語例文の一覧と使い方(118ページ目) - Weblio英語例文検索

Standing out among business services is the share and contribution of personnel supply services and computer-related services (Fig. 1.3.6). During the 1980s, manufacturers and other companies began to actively outsource designing, legal affairs, accounting, and computer-related services as a means of sustaining and boosting their competitiveness, and needs expanded as a result.例文帳に追加

このうち、事業所向けサービスでは、人材派遣サービス、コンピュータ関連サービスの割合・寄与度がともに際だって高くなっているが（第１―３―６図）、これは1980年代に製造業を含めた企業が競争力の維持・強化を目的として、設計、法律・会計、コンピュータ関連業務等のアウトソーシングを積極的に進めた結果、これらの業務に対するニーズが拡大したためと考えられる。 - 経済産業省

Japan concentrated its efforts on the development of infrastructure for the existing coastal industrial zones from the period of restoration after World War II until the first half of the high-growth period. As a result, population flows from rural regions to urban areas increased, income disparities among difference regions continued to grow, and the problem of overpopulation in industrialized areas began to draw attention.例文帳に追加

戦後の復興から高度成長期前半まで、我が国では既存の臨海工業地帯の産業基盤整備に重点が置かれた結果、農村部から都市部への人口流入が増大するとともに、地域間の所得格差は拡大を続け、また、工業化した地域の過大都市問題が注目されるようになった。 - 経済産業省

All Express Corporation is domestically based in Haneda and Kansai International Airport and began its home delivery service from Japan to Shanghai and from Japan to Hong Kong in July 2008. The company plans to expand its services provided in Asia to serve the transportation demands of locally operating Japanese companies in the second half of 2009 when ANA will have built an air cargo transportation network using Naha Airport in Okinawa as a hub.例文帳に追加

株式会社オールエクスプレスは、羽田、関西国際空港を国内の拠点とし、日本発上海向け、日本発香港向けの宅配サービスを2008年7月より開始するのをはじめ、2009年下期には全日空が沖縄・那覇空港をハブとする航空貨物輸送網を構築するのに併せ、アジアでのサービス提供地域を拡大し、現地で企業活動を行う我が国企業の輸送需要を取り込む計画である。 - 経済産業省

Since the 1990s, in addition to the protection of investment property, investment agreements began to incorporate such issues as domestic treatment and most-favored nation treatment at the stage of investment establishment, prohibition of performance requirements22, prohibition of strengthening restriction on foreign investment, obligation to exert efforts for gradual liberalization, and establishment of transparency (including public disclosure of laws and regulations and obligation to give answers to inquiries from the partner country) (“agreements for liberalization and protection of investment”).例文帳に追加

1990年代に入ると、そのような投資財産保護に加えて、投資設立段階の内国民待遇や最恵国待遇、パフォーマンス要求22の禁止、外資規制強化の禁止や漸進的な自由化の努力義務、透明性確保（法令の公表、相手国からの照会への回答義務等）等を盛り込んだ投資協定（「投資保護・自由化協定」）が出てきた。 - 経済産業省

The Agreement on Government Procurement which came into effect in 1996 mandates new negotiations to begin within three years from the date of entry into force of the Agreement and the Committee on Government Procurement began negotiation toward revisions of the Agreement in 1997; the revisions mainly sought: 1) to improve the Agreement and simplify procedures, 2) to eliminate discriminatory measures and practices which distort open procurement, and 3) to expand the coverage (such as procurement organizations) of the Agreement.例文帳に追加

1996 年に発効した政府調達協定は、協定発効から 3年以内に新たな交渉を行うことが規定されていたことから、1997 年から政府調達委員会において、ⅰ）協定の改善・手続の簡素化、ⅱ）開放的な調達を阻害する差別的な措置及び慣行の撤廃、ⅲ）協定の適用範囲（調達機関等）の拡大の 3 つを主な見直しの内容とする政府調達協定の改正交渉が開始された。 - 経済産業省

The world economy fell into the “worst recession in 100 years” due to the subprime mortgage crisis (home loan delinquencies) that shook international financial and capital markets in the summer of 2007 and then September 2008 failure of Lehman Brothers. Then, moves began to spread principally among emerging economies in Asia halting a further deterioration of the world economy, which hit bottom around the spring of 2009.例文帳に追加

国際金融・資本市場に動揺を与えた、2007年夏の米国サブプライム住宅ローン問題（住宅ローンの延滞）の表面化、さらに、2008年9月のリーマン・ブラザーズの破綻（いわゆるリーマン・ショック）を契機に「100年に一度」と言われたほどの景気後退に陥った世界経済は、アジア新興国を中心に下げ止まりの動きが広がり始め、2009年春頃には世界全体の景気は底打ちした。 - 経済産業省

The U.S. economic expansion of the 1990s, which began in March 1991 (economic trough), continued for ten years until March 2001, lasted ten years and was the longest recorded growth in U.S. history. It is pointed out that the catalyst that prompted the economic recovery was the substantial interest rate cut by the Federal Reserve Bank (FRB) in October 1990. From then until September 1992, the federal funds (FF) target rate, which acts as an economic indicator, was gradually lowered from 8% to 3% over the course of 17 interest rate cuts.例文帳に追加

1990年代の米国の景気拡大は1991年３月（景気の谷）に始まり、2001年３月まで米国史上最長の10年間継続した。景気回復のきっかけは1990年10月のFRBによる大幅な金利引下げであったと指摘されており、指標となるFFレート誘導目標水準は1992年９月まで17回にわたって段階的に８％から３％まで引き下げられた。 - 経済産業省

The Chinese nominal GDP was only 364.5 billion yuan in 1978 when the reformation and opening policy began, but after the high growth for 30 years, it became “the world’s factory” and afterward, transformed the figure to “the world market” with high growth rate. In 2010, the nominal GDP reached 39,800 billion Yuan (or US$5,900 billion), 110 times larger than the amount in 1978, and accounted for 9.5% of the whole world.例文帳に追加

中国の名目 GDP は、改革開放の始まった1978年にはわずか3,645億元にすぎなかったが、その後30年間に渡る高成長を経て、「世界の工場」へ、さらには巨大かつ成長率の高い「世界の市場」へと大きくその姿を変容させており、2010年は実にその110倍の39兆8,000億元（5兆9,000億ドル）と世界全体の9.5％を占めるに至っている。 - 経済産業省

Corporate Group B – a well known major Swedish furniture retailer – began with entry into Norway in 1963, then moved forward with foreign expansion into each European region, the U.S., Asian countries, etc. As of March 2007, it had expanded into a global distribution company with a total 253 stores in 35 countries and regions, reaching sales of 17.3 billion euro (2006).例文帳に追加

スウェーデンの大手家具小売業として知られるB 社グループは、1963 年のノルウェー進出を皮切りに欧州各地を始め米国やアジア諸国などに海外展開を進め、2007 年 3月時点で世界 35か国・地域に合計 253店舗を展開し、売上高 173 億ユーロ（2006年）に達するグローバル流通企業である。 - 経済産業省

In the current recession (which began in October 2007), both the level of production and the value of exports in the manufacturing industry initially showed a similar downtrend to those seen in the prior recessions. However, since October 2008, the decline in production and exports has accelerated rapidly due to a steep drop in overseas demand and the yen's appreciation.例文帳に追加

過去の景気後退局面における製造工業の生産及び輸出金額の推移と今回の景気後退局面（０７年１０月以降）の推移を比較すると、生産・輸出ともに当初は過去の景気後退局面と同じような低下傾向を示していたが、０８年１０月以降、海外需要の急激な 減?と円高影響により落ち込み幅が急速に拡大している状況にある。 - 経済産業省

From 1997—98, a monetary and financial crisis occurred in emerging Asian economies including, Thailand, Indonesia, and Republic of Korea, (hereafter, the "Asian monetary crisis") that began owing to a sharp fall in currency values (monetary crisis). This sharp fall occurred due to the flight of short term capital from the developed countries in the West, which had been flowing into these Asian countries in large quantities owing to the continuous high growth experienced by these countries.例文帳に追加

1997年から98年にかけて、タイ、インドネシア、韓国等アジアの新興国で発生した通貨・金融危機（以下「アジア通貨危機」）は、それまで高成長を続けていたこれらアジア各国に大量に流入していた欧米等先進国の短期資金が一斉に引き上げられたことによる通貨の急落（通貨危機）で始まる29。 - 経済産業省

Under Section 609 of Public Law 101-162 of 1989, the United States began requiring on May 1, 1991, shrimp fishers to provide a certificate showing that their governments maintain a regulatory program comparable to that of the United States for protecting sea turtles from shrimp nets. Absent such a certificate, imports of shrimp are banned from countries that allow harvest methods of shrimp that may be harmful to sea turtles.例文帳に追加

米国は、1989年に施行された米国海亀保存法において、1991年５月１日以降、エビ漁業に関して、米国内と同等の海亀混獲回避プログラムを実施している旨相手国政府からの証明（certification）が示されない限り、海亀の保存に悪影響を与える可能性のある漁法により漁獲された当該国からのエビ製品の輸入を禁止する旨が規定された。 - 経済産業省

The Member states of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) began negotiating a "Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI)" in 1995. Negotiations ceased in 1998 because of a lack of developing country participation and difficulties involving excessive liberalization obligations, the treatment of general exceptions, considerations on environmental and labour issues, etc.例文帳に追加

1995年より、OECD（経済協力開発機構）において、加盟国間での多国間投資協定（MAI：Multilateral Agreement on Investment）策定の交渉が開始されたが、途上国から広い参加が得られなかったこと、過度な自由化義務、一般例外の扱い、環境・労働等の配慮等について議論が紛糾したこと等の理由から1998年に交渉が中止された。 - 経済産業省

At a Japan-China summit meeting in October 2009, Japan proposed a “Japan-China Food Safety Promotion Initiative,” calling for regular consultations between the two countries for the enhancement of food safety.China expressed its approval for the initiative.The two countries’ ministers in charge of food safety reached an agreement at the recent Summit Meeting to create at an early date a framework for cooperation that includes substantial content so as to provide peace of mind to citizens.Officials of the two countries then began consultations on specific steps toward conclusion of a treaty.例文帳に追加

平成21年10月に実施された日中首脳会談において、日中間における食品の安全性向上のため、担当閣僚間で定期協議を行うことなどを内容とする「日中食品安全推進イニシアティブ」を提案し、中国側から賛意が得られたことを踏まえ、担当省庁間で具体的な内容について協議を実施する等締結に向けた取組を進めた。 - 厚生労働省

Focusing on the breakdown of full-time workers' total sum of cash earnings, we can see that the fluctuation ofscheduled wages is small (except for 2002 after the collapse of the IT bubble and 2009 after the financial crisis) and　the fluctuation of special wages is generally large after 1998 when the total sum of cash earnings began to decrease .例文帳に追加

また、厚生労働省「賃金構造基本統計調査」により、一般労働者の所定内給与の推移を産業別にみると、2000年代に入り、産業計より高い金融業、保険業、情報通信業等は増加傾向であるが、卸売・小売業、飲食店やサービス業、運輸業，郵便業等多くの産業では減少傾向となっている。 - 厚生労働省

In Miyagi Prefecture, the "System to Provide Long-Term Care at Evacuation Shelters," which forms a network linking the Japan Care Manager Association, the Japan Association of Certified Care Workers, professionals related to physiotherapy (occupational therapists, physical therapists, and speech specialists), Miyagi Prefecture, Sendai-shi (city), and the MHLW Local Headquarters for Disaster Control was set up, and the dispatch of long-term care staffs began (March 25, 2011).例文帳に追加

宮城県において、日本介護支援専門員協会、日本介護福祉士会、リハビリ関係者（作業療法士、理学療法士、言語聴覚士）、宮城県、仙台市、厚生労働省現地対策本部等をネットワーク化した「避難所における介護等の提供体制」を構築し、介護職員等の派遣を開始（平成23年3月25日）。 - 厚生労働省

With respect to the trend in Japan's trade volume since 1990, both imports and exports were weak until1993, but then growth began to speed up. In particular, while the imports from the US and EU remainedmore or less flat, imports from Asia (excluding China) experienced an increase, and those from China sawa remarkable increase. The imports from China, for example, exceeded those from the EU in 1999, andfrom the US in 2002, making China Japan's largest importer (Figure 15).例文帳に追加

また、日本の輸出入額を1990年以降でみると、輸出入共に1993年までは弱かったもののその後増加を続ける中で、輸入額については、アメリカ、EUからが横ばいで推移する一方で、アジア（中国除く）からが増加、中国からが大きく増加しており、この中国からの輸入額は1999年にはEUを、2002年にはアメリカを抜き、現在日本の最大の輸入国となっている（第15図）。 - 厚生労働省

Mr. Browne, whose face was once more wrinkling with mirth, poured out for himself a glass of whisky while Freddy Malins exploded, before he had well reached the climax of his story, in a kink of high-pitched bronchitic laughter and, setting down his untasted and overflowing glass, began to rub the knuckles of his left fist backwards and forwards into his left eye, repeating words of his last phrase as well as his fit of laughter would allow him. 例文帳に追加

もう一度顔に陽気なしわを寄せたブラウン氏は自分のグラスにウィスキーを注いだが、フレディ・マリンズの方は首尾よく話のクライマックスに達する前に、せきこんで痙攣するような高い笑い声を爆発させ、好みでないあふれんばかりのグラスを下に置くと、左のこぶしの指関節で左の目を前に後にこすり始め、笑いの発作の許すだけ最後の一節の言葉を繰り返していた。 - James Joyce『死者たち』

(iv) Securities (limited to share certificates, Rights in Securities Investment Business, etc. that shall be deemed as Securities under Article 2(2) and other Securities specified by a Cabinet Order) issued by the company, if the number of its holders on the last day of that business year or on the last day of any of the business years that began within four years before the day on which that business year began is not less than the number specified by a Cabinet Order (or if, in the case of Rights in Securities Investment Business, etc. that shall be deemed as Securities under Article 2(2), the number of its holders on the last day of that business year is not less than the number specified by a Cabinet Order) (excluding those specified in the preceding three items). 例文帳に追加

四　当該会社が発行する有価証券（株券、第二条第二項の規定により有価証券とみなされる有価証券投資事業権利等その他の政令で定める有価証券に限る。）で、当該事業年度又は当該事業年度の開始の日前四年以内に開始した事業年度のいずれかの末日におけるその所有者の数が政令で定める数以上（当該有価証券が同項の規定により有価証券とみなされる有価証券投資事業権利等である場合にあつては、当該事業年度の末日におけるその所有者の数が政令で定める数以上）であるもの（前三号に掲げるものを除く。） - 日本法令外国語訳データベースシステム

There are many theories about in what year the Kamakura period truly began, of which the 1192 theory, the year MINAMOTO no Yoritomo was made Shogun (Seii taishogun (literally, "great general who subdues the barbarians")), is the orthodox view, but in addition, theories include: the 1180 theory, focusing on Yoritomo raising his army and leading his gokenin (lower-ranking warrior vassals) into battle to destroy the Taira clan, and also establishing the Samurai Dokoro (Board of Retainers, which oversaw rewards for service); the 1183 theory, in which the key moment is the official recognition of the shogunate's right to control Eastern Japan (everything along the Tokaido and Tosando highways) proclaimed by the imperial court in the tenth month; the 1185 theory, which focuses on Yoritomo's use of his struggle to destroy his younger brother MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune as a pretext to usurp the right to appoint and control the offices of shugo (provincial governor) and jito (estate steward); the 1190 theory, in which it was Yoritomo's visit to the capital and subsequent court appointments to Gon Dainagon (Deputy Major Counselor) and Ukone Taisho (Commander of the Guardsmen of the Right) that is considered the decisive moment; and a handful even believe it wasn't until 1196 that the Kamakura period truly began. 例文帳に追加

始期については、従来源頼朝が将軍（征夷大将軍）に任じられた1192年とするのが一般的であるが、頼朝が平家打倒のために挙兵し御家人を統率する侍所を設置した1180年説、寿永二年十月宣旨で東国（東海道および東山道）の支配権を朝廷に公認された1183年説、対立する弟・源義経追討の名目で惣追捕使（後の守護）・地頭の設置権を獲得した1185年説、頼朝が上洛し権大納言・右近衛大将に任命された1190年説、また一部では1196年説など様々な考え方がある。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

I was never the likeliest candidate for this office. We didn't start with much money or many endorsements. Our campaign was not hatched in the halls of Washington. It began in the backyards of Des Moines, and the living rooms of Concord, and the front porches of Charleston. It was built by working men and women who dug into what little savings they had to give $5 and $10 and $20 to the cause.例文帳に追加

大統領の職を目指した人たちの中で、私は常に決して有力候補ではなかった。最初からたくさんの資金があったわけでもなければ、大勢の後援を受けていたわけでもありません。私たちの選挙戦はワシントンの広間で始まったわけではない。この選挙戦は（アイオワ州）デモインの裏庭で始まった。（ニューハンプシャー州）コンコードの居間で始まった。（サウスカロライナ州）チャールストンの玄関ポーチで始まったのです。この選挙戦は働く人たちがなけなしの貯金をはたいて、5ドルや10ドル、20ドルを提供して、そうやって築き上げていったものです。 - Tatoeba例文

Article 794 (1) The Stock Company Surviving Absorption-type Merger, the Succeeding Stock Company in Absorption-type Company Split or the Wholly Owning Parent Stock Company in Share Exchange (hereinafter referred to as the "Surviving Stock Company, etc." in this Division) shall, from the day on which the Absorption-type Merger Agreement, etc. began to be kept until the day on which six months have elapsed from the Effective Day, keep documents or Electromagnetic Records that state or record the contents of the Absorption-type Merger Agreement, etc. and other matters prescribed by the applicable Ordinance of the Ministry of Justice at its head office. 例文帳に追加

第七百九十四条　吸収合併存続株式会社、吸収分割承継株式会社又は株式交換完全親株式会社（以下この目において「存続株式会社等」という。）は、吸収合併契約等備置開始日から効力発生日後六箇月を経過する日までの間、吸収合併契約等の内容その他法務省令で定める事項を記載し、又は記録した書面又は電磁的記録をその本店に備え置かなければならない。 - 日本法令外国語訳データベースシステム

However, these traditions have been told in relation to the tale that 'Murasaki Shikibu began writing to comfort her sorrow over the death of MINAMOTO no Takaakira,' which is not true to the historical fact, or in a mysterious medieval folktale that Murasaki Shikibu was an incarnation of Bodhisattva; thus there have been many statements that deny them since old times, and they haven't been taken as clues to consider the formation and structure of "The Tale of Genji" in the study of "The Tale of Genji" since modern times. 例文帳に追加

但しこれらの伝承は「紫式部が源高明の死を悼んで『源氏物語』を書き始めた」とするどう考えても歴史的事実に合わない説話や、紫式部が菩薩の化身であるといった中世的な神秘的伝承と関連づけて伝えられることも多かったため、古くからこれを否定する言説も多く、近世以降の『源氏物語』研究においては『源氏物語』の成立や構成を考えるための手がかりとされることはなかった。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Starting with Kiyokimi, instructors at the Academy began to have personal interactions with their students as master and pupils, leading to the creation of a kind of school clique as well as a more concentrated effort by instructors like Kiyokimi truly to teach their students (of course, the contribution to this new system made by Kiyokimi's talented successors Koreyoshi and Michizane is also quite large) and as a result, the position of Monjo hakase became a more or less hereditary one, held by many from the Sugawara clan; this earned the clan the resentment of all the other Monjo hakase, especially MIYAKO no Haraaka (uncle of MIYAKO no Yoshika), who insisted that ability (real merit) should be the key to success, not birth privilege or personal connections. 例文帳に追加

清公以後、博士が学生と私的な師弟関係を結ぶきっかけとなり一種の学閥の形成が進むとともに、子弟の教育に力を注いだ（勿論、後継者である是善・道真の才能による部分も大きいが）ことによって菅原氏から世襲的に文章博士が輩出されるようになったため、才用（実力）があれば家柄や人脈にとらわれず評価されるべきであると主張した都腹赤（都良香の伯父）をはじめとする他の文章博士の反感を買った。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

In addition, in "the Shibata family document: The origin of sake brewing" handed down in the Nada Ward, it is described that 'in ancient times, governmental officials called Miki no tsukasa brewed sake for rites and festivals in Dainairi (the Imperial Court), but in the Muromachi period the demand of sake became too high for them to sufficiently supply it, so relatives of the governmental officials began to brew sake in town, among which the sake produced around Sesshu was good quality,' which showed that the sake brewing industry grew rapidly in the Muromachi period. 例文帳に追加

また灘区に伝わる『柴田家文書酒造り始之由来』には、「むかし大内裏（朝廷）で造酒之寮（造酒司）と呼ばれる御官人が祭祀のために酒を造っていたが、室町時代になると酒の需要が高まり、とても追いつかなくなったので、御官人の縁者が市中でも造り始めたところ、とりわけ摂州表で造る酒は出来柄がよかった。」と書かれ、室町時代が酒造業にとって急成長の時代であったことを裏付けている。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Another theory is that at a place called "Dengakukubo" (in Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake City, Aichi Prefecture, and the name of the place "Dengakukubo" has survived to remain used in the address today), where one of Japanese classic popular performing arts, Dengaku, is said to have been played, the Imagawa side defeated by Oda side in the Battle of Okehazama were crucified, and the local residents around there began to call vegetables and freshwater fishes such as ayu (sweetfish, Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis) on skewers they used to eat "Dengaku," associating the crucification method conducted there with the cooking method. 例文帳に追加

また、桶狭間の合戦の際、織田方に敗れた今川方が磔（はりつけ）などによって処刑された地が「田楽窪」（でんがくがくぼ）と呼ばれる、かつて古典芸能の田楽が行われていたのではないかと言われる地（現在も愛知県豊明市沓掛町内に大字名として残る）で、その処刑方法が当時当地で食されていた野菜や鮎などの川魚を串に刺して食していたものと似ていたため、それを田楽と呼んだという説もある。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

The principles of inyo gogyo, that began in the Xia and Shang Dynasties and nearly completed within the Zhou Dynasty, assume that every event occurs due to certain combinations of inyo together with the principles of gogyo or astronomy, calendar, eki and clock, all closely linked to inyo gogyo, and were introduced to Japan directly from mainland China (Han/Sui) or via the Korean Peninsula (Goguryeo/Baekje) during the Asuka Period in the 5th and 6th centuries, or, at the latest, when Gokyo Hakase in 512, and Eki Hakase in 554 from Baekje, visited Japan. 例文帳に追加

全ての事象が陰陽と五行思想の組み合わせによって成り立っているとする、中国古代の夏、殷王朝時代にはじまり周王朝時代にほぼ完成した陰陽五行思想、ないしこれと密接な関連を持つ天文学、暦、易、時計などは、5世紀から6世紀にかけて飛鳥時代、遅くとも百済から五経博士が来日した512年（継体天皇7年）ないし易博士が来日した554年（欽明天皇15年）の時点までに、中国大陸（漢・隋）から直接、ないし朝鮮半島西域（高句麗・百済）経由で伝来した。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

In 685, as the principles of inyo gogyo grew more popular, with the term 'onmyoji' starting to be used, it was put into statutory form to install Onmyoryo as a ryo (in line with the ritsuryo system) as a division of Department of Nakatsukasasho, by the ritsuryo formally announced in the Yoro period in 718 and when it was stipulated that tenmon hakase, onmyo hakase, onmyoji, reki hakase, and rokoku hakase be made permanent posts as gikan (bureaucrats with specialized skills), they began to officially perform divinations alongside jingikan (a bureaucrat in charge of Shinto ceremonies) who were responsible for kiiboku (fortune telling using turtle shells). 例文帳に追加

685年（天武天皇13年）には「陰陽師」という用語が使い始められるなど、陰陽五行思想はさらに盛んとなり、718年の養老律令において、中務省の内局である寮(律令制)としての陰陽寮の設置が明文化され、これに技官として天文博士・陰陽博士・陰陽師・暦博士・漏刻博士が常任されることが規定されると、神祇官の龜卜と並んで公的に式占を司ることとなった。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

As a result, a steady stream of the 'official onmyoji' in Onmyoryo subsequently began to go along with the flow of the times and their actions were far from their duties as prescribed by the original ritsuryo and by arbitrarily indoctrinating lucky and unlucky directions or aspects of stars, they intruded into controlling private activities of the Emperor/Royal family and kugyo/kuge (court noble) and started to manage the inner space of the nerve center of the Imperial Court, working behind the scenes in the shadow of the administration going beyond the normal duties based on the official system. 例文帳に追加

すると陰陽寮の「正式な陰陽師」においてもこの風潮に流される者が続出し、そのふるまいは本来律令の定める職掌からはるかにかけ離れ、方位や星巡りの吉凶を恣意的に吹き込むことによって天皇・皇族や、公卿・公家諸家の私生活における行動管理にまで入り込み、朝廷中核の精神世界を支配し始めて、次第に官制に基づく正規業務を越えて政権の闇で暗躍するようになっていった。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Of the 2 families that passed down Onmyodo by succession, the Kadenokoji family that the Kamo family became commonly known as in the Nanbokucho Period (in the Muromachi Period, since their residence was located on Kadenokoji Street, the Kamo clan began to call themselves by this name, but it was different from the Kadenokoji family of the Fujiwara hokke Hino family line or the Shiba clan line) gradually lost their power and, even though KAMO no Arikata wrote 'Rekirinmondoshu' and flourished, the family line ceased to exist when the heir to the main branch of the Kadenokoji family was killed in the mid Muromachi Period. 例文帳に追加

陰陽道世襲2家のうち、南北朝期に賀茂氏が通名とするようになった勘解由小路家（居宅が勘解由小路にあったことから室町時代に賀茂氏が名乗るようになったもので、藤原北家日野家流や斯波氏流の勘解由小路家とは異なる）を名乗った賀茂氏の勢力は徐々に凋落し、賀茂在方が「暦林問答集」を著すなど活躍したものの、室町時代中期には勘解由小路得宗家の後継者が殺害されて家系断絶に至った。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

In 1185, when MINAMOTO no Yoshiie and MINAMOTO no Yoshitsune, who were members of the Yoritomo government, began to oppose Yoritomo immediately after his government defeated the Taira clan, Tokimasa HOJO, Yoritomo's father-in-law, visited Kyoto to negotiate with Emperor Goshirakawa's group in order to obtain imperial permission (the Bunji imperial permission) to create positions ("jito" (land steward) and "shugo" (provincial military governor)) and to collect supplies of rice for soldiers from manors and imperial territories for the purpose of hunting down and killing Yoshiie and Yoshitsune. 例文帳に追加

1185年、頼朝政権が平家を滅ぼした直後、頼朝政権の一員だった源行家・源義経が頼朝へ反抗姿勢を見せ始めると、同年11月に頼朝義父の北条時政が上京し、後白河側と交渉を行い、その結果、頼朝側へ、行家・義経追討を名目として荘園・公領から兵糧米を徴収する職（＝地頭・守護）の設置が勅許されることとなった（文治の勅許）。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

In those days, the evaluation that Emperor Go-Daigo was an illegitimate sovereign was firmly established, and in Dai Nihonshi, which Mitsukuni TOKUGAWA began to compile, there is a section recognizing that Emperor Go-Daigo was illegitimate based on the foundation that the Southern Court was legitimate. In Tokushi Yoron, the author, Hakuseki ARAI, placed Emperor Go-Daigo at the end of his list of responsible emperors, based on his historical view that the accumulated immorality of successive emperors lead to the appearance of samurai government. 例文帳に追加

近世においては後醍醐天皇を不徳の君であるとする評価が定着し、徳川光圀によって編纂が開始された『大日本史』においては南朝を正統とする立場から後醍醐天皇を不徳とする認識が見られ、江戸時代には新井白石が『読史余論』において、王朝政治における累代の天皇の失徳が武家政権成立の過程であるとする歴史観の中で、後醍醐天皇をその末尾に位置付けている。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

In addition, he won Emperor Uda's esteem and was assigned to serve as Fusen jokyo, a commander who led dajokanpu (official documents from the Grand Council of State) 28 times, and from the fact that he served as the president of Senkokushisho (an organization which edits national history books) when the editing of "Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku" (sixth of the six classical Japanese history texts) began even though there were 2 other senior commanders like MINAMOTO no Toru and FUJIWARA no Yoshiyo, also in 895, he submitted a personnel proposal for promotion in rank (generally, both of these roles were played by Regents and Chancellor Ichinokami - Minister of the Left), Yoshiari pushed forward the peaceful era of Kanpyo as a factual administration after FUJIWARA no Mototsune died. 例文帳に追加

更に宇多天皇の信任が厚く、符宣上卿（太政官符を発給する際の上卿）として28回も名を連ね、『日本三代実録』編纂開始時には源融・藤原良世と先任の上卿2人がいるにも関わらず撰国史所総裁を務めていること、寛平7年（895年）には位階昇進の人事草案を提出する擬階奏を行っている（いずれも摂関もしくは一上が務める慣例であった）ことから、藤原基経没後は能有が事実上の政権担当者として寛平の治を押し進めたと考えられている。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

On the model of "liberal arts colleges" the curriculum at first put emphasis on liberal arts education with some universities providing a course to a medical school, however, following the upgrading of elementary/middle schools after World War II, most of the graduates chose a teaching job, and when the revised National School Establishment Law came into force in 1966, most of departments of arts and sciences sequentially abolished courses not related to school teaching and began to change their names to "Department of Education". 例文帳に追加

カリキュラムは、当初「リベラルアーツカレッジ」にならって教養教育に重きが置かれ、大学によっては医学部への進学課程等も置かれていたが、戦後、小・中学校が整備されるとともに卒業生の進路も教員が主流となり、昭和41年に改正国立学校設置法が施行されると、ほとんどの学芸学部は教職以外の分野に進むコースを順次廃止し、その名称を「教育学部」へ変更するようになった。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

However, although Fushimi-momoyama Station is situated at the center of Fushimi Ward, no express trains, limited express trains, or K-limited express trains stop there due to the following reasons: Tanbabashi Station, located adjacent to this station, started to be used by Nara Electric Railway (presently the Kintetsu Kyoto Line) as well, so express trains began making stops at Tanbabashi Station instead of Fushimi-momoyama Station; Chushojima Station, the next stop to the south of this station became the junction station for the Keihan Uji Line due to land acquisition and other issues; and the platforms could not support eight-car trains because pedestrian crossings are located to the north and south of the station. 例文帳に追加

しかし隣の丹波橋駅が奈良電気鉄道（現・近鉄京都線）との接続駅となったことから急行停車駅の座を奪われ、さらに京阪宇治線の分岐駅が土地買収などの関係で南隣の中書島駅となったことや、駅南北を踏切に挟まれてホームの8両対応化が不可能であることから、伏見区の中心部に所在するにもかかわらず、急行や特別急行列車・K特急が通過という状態となっている。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

To go to a destination on either the Biwako Line or the Kosei Line via the Keihan Line, the usual route in the past was to transfer to the Keihan Keishin Line at Sanjo Station and change again at Yamashina Station (Keihan Yamashina Line) to the Biwako Line or Kosei Line; however, as operations west of Goryo Station on the Keishin Line were discontinued and fares hiked after the Kyoto Municipal Subway Tozai Line began operations, it is assumed that some users have chosen to walk the distance between Shichijo Station and Kyoto Station (nevertheless, city buses continue to operate between the two stations). 例文帳に追加

京阪線から琵琶湖線・湖西線方面はかつては三条駅から京阪京津線に乗り換え、山科駅（京阪山科駅）で琵琶湖線・湖西線に乗り換えるのが普通だったが、京津線の御陵駅以西廃止、京都市営地下鉄東西線開通以降は運賃が高くなったことから、七条駅-京都駅の徒歩乗り換えに切り替えた人もいると思われる（それでも、市バスでの両駅間相互連絡は一応ある）。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

When word of the July 8 Ikedaya Incident, in which the Shinsengumi forces had assassinated domainal samurai warriors, reached Choshu, the prudence faction, which included Masanosuke SUFU, Shinsaku TAKASUGI, and Samanosuke SHISHIDO, tried to calm the raging debate in the clan, but members of the activist faction, like the elders of the three clans, Echigo (Mototake) FUKUHARA, Uemonnosuke (Kanenobu) MASUDA, and Shinano (Chikasuke) KUNISHI, cunningly created a group designed to destroy Satsuma, against whom there was considerable enmity, and to that end they prepared for battle; Masuda and Gensui KUSAKA began gathering troops at Mt. Tenno and Mt. Takara in the town of Oyamazaki, while Kunishi and Matabe KIJIMA gathered troops at Saga Tenryu-ji temple, and Echigo FUKUHARA at the Choshu estate at Fushimi. 例文帳に追加

6月5日(旧暦)の池田屋事件で新選組に藩士を殺された変報が長州にもたらされると、慎重派の周布政之助、高杉晋作や宍戸左馬之助らは藩論の沈静化に努めるが、福原越後や益田右衛門介、国司信濃の三家老等の積極派は、討薩賊会奸を掲げて挙兵し、益田、久坂玄瑞らは大山崎町天王山、宝山に、国司、来島又兵衛らは嵯峨天龍寺に、福原越後は伏見長州屋敷に兵を集めて陣営を構える。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Moreover, somewhat ironically, the very daimyo that had begun by making light of the Shogun's authority found that when that shogunal authority was truly lost, their own authority and sovereignty as shugo (governors) vanished, and many were overthrown by their deputies or by commoners from their provinces in the phenomenon known as gekokujo (the lower overthrowing the higher); worse yet, peasant uprisings and religious leagues, of which the Kaga Ikko Ikki (a religious league of commoners in Kaga) and a similar Ikki in Yamashiro Province are representative examples, began to threaten the lords' control over their lands. 例文帳に追加

また、皮肉にもこれまで将軍の権威をないがしろにしてきた諸大名も将軍の権威が本当に失われてしまった事でそこに由来していた守護としての統治権そのものの権威までが失われてしまい、配下であった守護代や国人衆による下克上、更には加賀一向一揆や山城国一揆に代表される民衆の一揆からもその領国支配を脅かされるようになっていくのである。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

In the tenure of the third shogun Yoshimitsu ASHIKAGA, the bakufu was substantially reorganized and gozen-sata ceased once, but the shogun began holding consultations in the informal style of gozen-sata for making bakufu's important policy decisions for the purpose of having the former shogunal deputy Yoriyuki HOSOKAWA, who had entered the priesthood and had been out of bakufu office, participate in the bakufu's policy-making when the shogun sought to bring him back to bakufu -- because gozen-sata was not a formal consultation, the members of which were selected mostly at the discretion of shogun, the head of the consultation. 例文帳に追加

3代将軍足利義満の時代には幕府組織の再編が進み一時御前沙汰は行われなくなるが、出家していた元管領細川頼之を幕府に呼び戻す際に、幕府役職になかった頼之を幕府の政策決定に関与させるために正式な評定ではなく、出席者の人選に決まりが無く主宰者である将軍の意向が反映しやすい非公式な評定である御前沙汰の形式で評定を行って幕府の政策に関する重要決定を行った。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

In the mid Heian period, kaihatsu ryoshu (local nobles who actually developed the land) began to donate their land to temples or high-ranking aristocrats in order to make their land fuyusoden (donated-type of shoen [manor]); however, they were required to submit kugen (official documents authorized by kokushi [provincial governor] or Gunji [local magistrate] for transfer of the ownership of private property) consisting of daijokanpu (official document issued by Daijokan, Grand Council of State) and minbushofu (official document issued by the minister of minbusho) based on the chokkyo (the imperial sanction) to have their land designated as fuyusoden -- Shoen which consisted of fuyusoden with the complete set of documents submitted was called Kanshofu sho (a shoen enjoying immunity from taxation by virtue of having official documents from both the Council of State and the Ministry of Popular Affairs), and shoen which was virtually treated as fuyusoden merely with approval of kokushi was called kokumen shoen (provincially exempted shoen). 例文帳に追加

平安時代中期になると、開発領主が自らの土地をこの不輸租田にするために寺社や上級貴族に寄進するようになる（寄進地系荘園）が、不輸租田の指定には勅許とそれに基づく太政官符及び民部省符からなる公験が必要とされており、それらが揃った不輸租田によって構成された荘園を官省符荘、単に国司が承認したために事実上の不輸租田の対象となっていたものを国免荘田と呼ばれた。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

The problem of embezzling of jisharyo (holdings of temples and shrines) by kokuga (imperial household officials or an estate manager) or bushi (samurai) was the background of the tendo -- But in some cases, as Buddhist monks and Shinto priests inherited the shoryo, which was necessary for maintenance of the facilities and support of the rituals, accompanying their religious belief (Buddhist monks inherited the shoryo from the master to the disciple, correspondingly to the case of the Shinto priests where they inherited the shoryo from father to children), they began to privatize the shoryo such that they could use the shoryo for private purposes, which had nothing to do with their religious activities, or that they sold the shoryo to the other person at their own discretion in the worst cases. 例文帳に追加

その背景として国衙や武士による寺社領の横領という問題もあったが、僧侶や神官によって信仰に付随して施設や儀式の維持とそのために必要な所領が相続継承されていく（僧侶の場合は師弟間の継承が神官の子弟間の相続に相当する）うちに私有化され、宗教とは関係のない私的目的に利用されたり、場合によっては勝手に他者に売却される場合もあった。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

Of the New Meiji Government, there were three virtual saisho (prime minister), Takayoshi KIDO proposed the Constitution of 1868 as a full-time advisor to the General Bureau in 1868 and contributed to structuring the frame of the new government and state system through "kanri kosen (public election of government officials)", sangi naikaku sei (councilor cabinet system), Takamori SAIGO led the government and carried out remaining various policies such as shimin byodo (equality of all people) while some of highest ranks of governments were away on inspection trip to America and Europe (Iwakura Mission), Toshimichi OKUBO began to reign as if Otto von Bismarck after the Meiji roku-nen no Seihen (the political change in 1873, starting from disputes over Seikanron (debate on subjugation of Korea)). 例文帳に追加

明治新政府内では、明治元年（1868年）、総裁局顧問専任として政体書を建言し「官吏公選」や参議内閣制など新政府と新国家の骨格作りに尽力し続けた木戸孝允が実質的な初代宰相に相当し、留守政府を預かって四民平等など残されていた諸施策を断行した西郷隆盛が第二代宰相に相当し、明治六年政変以後ビスマルク然と君臨し始めた大久保利通が実質的な第三代宰相に相当する。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

When, during Yamagata's second term as cabinet head, Kanetake OURA, Eitaro KOMATSUBARA, and Banichiro YASUHIRO, bureaucrats who were all protegees of Yamagata, were appointed to the House of Peers by imperial selection and thereafter joined the Tea Party, the influence of the Tea Party began to grow, and they managed to acquire members from among the large-scale taxpayers and the barons, and during Hirata's tenure as Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal, from the late Meiji period into the early Taisho period, the group possessed 67 members at its largest; the Tea Party supported Taro KATSURA during the Keien period (1905-1912), and its power and influence grew to rival the Kenkyukai's. 例文帳に追加

第2次山縣内閣期に山縣系官僚出身で平田との結びつきが強かった大浦兼武・小松原英太郎・安広伴一郎が勅撰議員に任命されて茶話会に加入すると、勢力が拡大する方向に向かい、多額納税議員や男爵議員からも加入者を得て、平田が内大臣に立った明治末期から大正初期にかけて最大で67名の議員を擁して桂園時代においては桂太郎を支え、研究会と勢力を競うまでに成長した。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

But the struggle for power with the Kenkyukai gradually began to produce friction, and after the turmoil of the Manko cabinet, the cooperation between the Kenkyukai and the Rikken Seiyukai (the Friends of Constitutional Government Party, or "Seiyukai" for short) and other challenges, the struggle for influence between the Tea Party and the Kenkyukai gradually developed into open hostility, and when some of the members of Hara's Seiyukai cabinet were chosen from the Kenkyukai, not only did the Tea Party abandon the doctrine of transcendence and join forces with the opposition Kenseikai (Constitutional Government Party), they also formed links with the various other factions among non-Kenkyukai House of Peers members in an effort to isolate and surround the Kenkyukai. 例文帳に追加

だが、次第に研究会との勢力争いによって摩擦が生じるようになり、鰻香内閣騒動や研究会と立憲政友会との連携などを経て茶話会と研究会は次第に対立し、政友会の原内閣に研究会が閣僚を送ると、茶話会も超然主義を放棄して反対党である憲政会と連携する一方、研究会以外の他の貴族院の各会派と連携して研究会を包囲する動きを見せた（幸四派）。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス

He writes that Confucianism had been overwhelmed by Buddhism since the Engi and Tenryaku Period and it changed into the learning of Zen monks, that Seika FUJIWARA began the serious study of Shushigaku, and that later Jinsai ITO and his son Togai ITO, Ansai YAMAZAKI, Toju NAKAE, and Sorai OGYU tried to criticize Shushigaku for meiri (fame and profit), insisting on different theories from Shushigaku such as Yomeigaku (Neo-Confucianism based on teaching of WANG Yangming) and Kobunjigaku (study of ancient rhetoric school), and finally he stresses that Shushigaku is the right and completed Confucianism from which meiri was eliminated. 例文帳に追加

延喜・天暦以来、儒教が仏教に圧倒されて儒教が禅僧の学問と化したこと、藤原惺窩が日本における宋学の端緒を付けたこと、その後伊藤仁斎・伊藤東涯父子や山崎闇斎・中江藤樹・荻生徂徠らが、名利をもって陽明学や古文辞学などの異説を掲げて朱子学の排撃を試みたこと、だが朱子学こそが名利を捨てて学問として成就された正統な儒学であることを論じている。 - Wikipedia日英京都関連文書対訳コーパス