andとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From Middle English and, an, from 古期英語 and, from Proto-Germanic *andi, *anþi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Cognate with Scots an (“かつ”), North Frisian en (“かつ”), West Frisian en, in (“かつ”), Low German un (“かつ”), Dutch en (“かつ”), German und (“かつ”), Danish end (“but”), Swedish än (“yet, but”), Icelandic enn (“still, yet”), Albanian edhe (“かつ”) (dialectal ênde, ênne), ende (“still, yet, therefore”), Latin ante (“opposite, in front of”), and Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí, “opposite, facing”).

別の表記

• an'
• 'n' (n)

接続詞

and

1. As a coordinating conjunction; expressing two elements to be taken together or in addition to each other.
   1. Used simply to connect two noun phrases, adjectives or adverbs. [from 8th c.]
      • c. 1430 (reprinted 1888), Thomas Austin, ed., Two Fifteenth-century Cookery-books. Harleian ms. 279 (ab. 1430), & Harl. ms. 4016 (ab. 1450), with Extracts from Ashmole ms. 1429, Laud ms. 553, & Douce ms. 55 [Early English Text Society, Original Series; 91], London: N. Trübner & Co. for the Early English Text Society, volume I, OCLC 374760, page 11:

        Soupes dorye. — Take gode almaunde mylke […] caste þher-to Safroun an Salt […]

      • c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

        Sweet lady, you have given me life and living; […]

      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 1:1:

        In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

      • 1817 December​, [Jane Austen], Persuasion; published in Northanger Abbey: And Persuasion. […], volume (please specify |volume=III または IV), London: John Murray, […], 1818, →OCLC:

        as for Mrs. Smith, she had claims of various kinds to recommend her quickly and permanently.

      • 2011, Mark Townsend, The Guardian, 5 November:

        ‘The UKBA has some serious explaining to do if it is routinely carrying out such abusive and unlawful inspections.’

   2. Simply connecting two clauses or sentences. [from 8th c.]
      • 1991, Jung Chang, Wild Swans:

        When she saw several boys carrying a huge wooden case full of porcelain, she mumbled to Jinming that she was going to have a look, and left the room.

      • 2011, Helena Smith & Tom Kington, The Guardian, 5 November:

        "Consensus is essential for the country," he said, adding that he was not "tied" to his post and was willing to step aside.

   3. Introducing a clause or sentence which follows on in time or consequence from the first. [from 9th c.]
      • 1996, David Beasley, Chocolate for the Poor:

        ‘But if you think you can get it, Christian, you're a fool. Set one foot upcountry and I'll kill you.’

      • 2004, Will Buckley, The Observer:, 22 August:

        One more error and all the good work she had done on Friday would be for nought.

      • 2007: Jimmy Carr, 8 out of 10 Cats, 13th day of July episode

        Romance is dead; men killed it, and made women clean up the mess.

   4. (obsolete) Yet; but. [10th–17th c.]
      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew XXII::

        Hee said, I goe sir, and went not.

   5. Used to connect certain numbers: connecting units when they precede tens (not dated); connecting tens and units to hundreds, thousands etc. (now often omitted in US); to connect fractions to wholes. [from 10th c.]
      • 1863 November 19, Abraham Lincoln, Dedicatory Remarks (Gettysburg Address)‎^[1], near Soldiers' National Cemetery, →LCCN, Bliss copy, page 1:

        Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

      • 1905, Upton Sinclair, chapter XXVI, in The Jungle, New York, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 26 February 1906, →OCLC:

        In Chicago these latter were receiving, for the most part, eighteen and a half cents an hour, and the unions wished to make this the general wage for the next year.

      • 1956, Dodie Smith, (title):

        The One Hundred and One Dalmatians.

   6. (now colloquial or literary) Used to connect more than two elements together in a chain, sometimes to stress the number of elements.
      • 1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Iulius Cæsar”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:

        And these does she apply, for warnings and portents, / And euils imminent; and on her knee / Hath begg'd, that I will stay at home to day.

      • 1939, Langley, Ryerson & Woolf, The Wizard of Oz (screenplay):

        Lions, and tigers, and bears! Oh, my!

   7. Connecting two identical elements, with implications of continued or infinite repetition. [from 10th c.]
      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms CXLV::

        I will extol thee, my God, O king; and I will bless thy name for ever and ever.

      • 2011, Jonathan Watts, The Guardian, 18 March:

        He was at work in a nearby city when the tsunami struck. ‘As soon as I saw it, I called home. It rang and rang, but there was no answer.’

   8. Introducing a parenthetical or explanatory clause. [from 10th c.]
      • 1918, George W. E. Russell, Prime Ministers and Some Others:

        The word "capable" occurs in Mr. Fisher's Bill, and rightly, because our mental and physical capacities are infinitely varied.

      • 2008 January 29, The Guardian:

        President Pervez Musharraf is undoubtedly sincere in his belief that he, and he alone, can save Pakistan from the twin perils of terrorism and anarchy.

   9. Introducing the continuation of narration from a previous understood point; also used alone as a question: ‘and so what?’.
      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Revelation XIV::

        And I heard a voice from heaven, as the voice of many waters, and as the voice of a great thunder: and I heard the voice of harpers harping with their harps […].

      • 1860 December – 1861 August, Charles Dickens, Great Expectations […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Chapman and Hall, […], published October 1861, →OCLC:

        ‘You take it smoothly now,’ said I, ‘but you were very serious last night, when you swore it was Death.’ ‘And so I swear it is Death,’ said he, putting his pipe back in his mouth […].

      • 1914, Saki; ‘The Lull’, Beasts and Superbeasts:

        ‘And, Vera,’ added Mrs. Durmot, turning to her sixteen-year-old niece, ‘be careful what colour ribbon you wear in your hair […].’

   10. (now regional または somewhat colloquial) Used to connect two verbs where the second is dependent on the first: ‘to’. Used especially after come, go and try. [from 14th c.]
       • 1817 (date written)​, Jane Austen, R[aymond] W[ilson] Chambers, editor, Fragment of a Novel Written by Jane Austen, January–March 1817 […] [Sanditon], Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, published 1925, →OCLC:

         Beyond paying her a few charming compliments and amusing her with gay conversation, had he done anything at all to try and gain her affection?

       • 1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, Vanity Fair […], London: Bradbury and Evans […], published 1848, →OCLC:

         "What have you a been and given Pitt's wife?" said the individual in ribbons, when Pitt and Lady Jane had taken leave of the old gentleman.

       • 1989, James Kelman, A Disaffection:

         Remember and help yourself to the soup! called Gavin.

   11. Introducing a qualitative difference between things having the same name; "as well as other". [from 16th c.]
       • 1936, The Labour Monthly, volume XVIII:

         Undoubtedly every party makes mistakes. But there are mistakes and mistakes.

       • 1972, Esquire, volume LXXVIII:

         "There are managers and there are managers," he tells me. "I'm totally involved in every aspect of Nina's career."

   12. Used to combine numbers in addition; plus (with 単数形 または 複数形 verb). [from 17th c.]
       • 1791, James Boswell, Life of Samuel Johnson:

         ‘Nobody attempts to dispute that two and two make four: but with contests concerning moral truth, human passions are generally mixed […].’

       • 1871, Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There:

         ‘Can you do Addition?’ the White Queen asked. ‘What's one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one?’

2. (heading) Expressing a condition.
   1. (now US dialect) If; provided that. [from 13th c.]
      • 1485, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book VII:

        "Where ys Sir Launcelot?" seyde King Arthure. "And he were here, he wolde nat grucche to do batayle for you."

      • 1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Matthew ]:

        Peter answered, and sayde: master, and thou be he, bidde me come unto the on the water.

      • 1958, Shirley Ann Grau, The Hard Blue Sky:

        "And he went slower," Mike said softly, "he go better."

   2. (obsolete) As if, as though. [15th–17th c.]
      • c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

        I will roare you, and 'twere any Nightingale.

      • 1625, Francis [Bacon], “Of Innovations”, in The Essayes […], 3rd edition, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:

        As they will set an house on fire, and it were but to roast their eggs.

3. (mathematics, logic) connecting two well-formed formulas to create a well formed formula that requires the new formula to only be true when each of the two are true.

使用する際の注意点

同意語

• (used to connect two similar words または phrases): as well as, together with, in addition to
• (くだけた用法): &, 'n', +
• (in artist collaborations): x

派生語

• Antigua and Barbuda, Bosnia and Herzegovina, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, , Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, São Tomé and Príncipe, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Wallis and Futuna

関連する語

• equal to
• false
• if
• iff
• implies
• nand
• nor
• not
• or
• true
• xor

参考

• formal logic

名詞

and (複数形 ands)

1. (music, often くだけた用法) In rhythm, the second half of a divided beat.
   • 2006, Goodwin, Gordon, Gordon Goodwin's Big Phat Band: Trumpet, page 51:

     The same goes for measure 42, when you begin the phrase on the and of 1, because that kind of lick can easily bog down the time.

語源 2

From Middle English ande, from 古期英語 anda (“grudge, enmity, malice, envy, hatred, anger, zeal, annoyance, vexation; zeal; injury, mischief; fear, horror”) and Old Norse andi (“breath, wind, spirit”); both from Proto-Germanic *anadô (“breath, anger, zeal”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe, blow”). Cognate with German Ahnd, And (“woe, grief”), Danish ånde (“breath”), Swedish anda, ande (“spirit, breath, wind, ingenuity, intellect”), Icelandic andi (“spirit”), Albanian ëndë (“pleasure, delight”), Latin animus (“spirit, soul”). Related to onde.

別の表記

• aynd, eind, eynd, yane, end

名詞

and (複数形 ands)

1. (UK dialectal) Breath.
2. (UK dialectal) Sea smoke; steam fog.

語源 3

From Middle English anden, from 古期英語 andian (“to be envious または jealous, envy”) and Old Norse anda (“to breathe”); both from Proto-Germanic *anadōną (“to breathe, sputter”). Cognate with German ahnden (“to avenge, punish”), Danish ånde (“to breathe”), Swedish andas (“to breathe”), Icelandic anda (“to breathe”). See above.

別の表記

• eind, eynd, ein

動詞

and (三人称単数 現在形 ands, 現在分詞 anding, 過去形および過去分詞形 anded)

1. (UK dialectal, intransitive) To breathe; whisper; devise; imagine.

アナグラム

• -dan, ADN, DAN, DNA, Dan, Dan., NAD, NDA, dan, dna, nad

別の表記

• ond, end

語源

From Proto-Germanic *anda, *andi, probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Compare Old Frisian and, Old Saxon endi, Old High German unti, Old Norse enn.

発音

• IPA^(key): /ɑnd/

接続詞

and

1. and

同意語

• ⁊ (symbol)

派生した語

• Middle English: and, annd, ant, an, en; ⁊, &
  • English: and
  • Scots: an
  • Yola: an, an', and

副詞

and

1. even; also

別の表記

• -ant, -nd, -on

接尾辞

-and

1. (now chiefly dialectal, Scotland) Used to form the present participle of verbs, equivalent to -ing.

   livand, nurischand, ravand, snipand, goand

2. (rare or no longer productive) A suffix of Anglo-Saxon origin forming adjectives from verbs analogous to -ing.

   waniand, blatant, blicant, farrand, flippant, gainand, rampant, trippant, warkand

語源 2

From Latin gerundive termination -andus, -endus. More at -end.

別の表記

• -end

接尾辞

-and

1. A suffix forming nouns denoting patients or recipients of actions, such as compiland.

同意語

• (a patient): -end, -ee, -ed

反意語

• (a patient): -er, -or, -ing

派生語

アナグラム

• -dan, ADN, DAN, DNA, Dan, Dan., NAD, NDA, dan, dna, nad

語源

From Middle English and-, ond-, from 古期英語 and-, ond- (“against, back”), from Proto-West Germanic *anda-, from Proto-Germanic *and-, *anda-, *andi- (“across, opposite, against, away”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“across, forth”).

Cognate with Dutch ont-, German ant-, ent-, emp-, Icelandic and-, Gothic ������- (and-), Latin ante (“before”), Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí, “against”). Doublet of anti- and ante-.

接頭辞

and-

1. (no longer productive) A prefix of Old English origin meaning "against", "back", "in return", "away", represented in Modern English by a-, an-, on-, and in altered form by the reverse-action prefix un- (e.g. unbuckle). Also as the initial letter d in dread (< Old English ondrǣdan).

   along

   answer

   onfang

参照

• and- in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.

アナグラム

• -dan, ADN, DAN, DNA, Dan, Dan., NAD, NDA, dan, dna, nad

別の表記

• ond-, an-, on-

語源

From Proto-West Germanic *anda-, from Proto-Germanic *andi-, representive of a combining form of and (“かつ”).

Cognate with Middle Dutch ont- (Dutch ont-), Old High German ant- (German ant-, ent-), Old Norse and- (Icelandic and- (“against, anti-, opposed to, in the face of”), Swedish an-), Gothic ������- (and-).

発音

• IPA^(key): /ˈɑnd/

接頭辞

and-

1. against, opposing

   andsaca ― opponent, adversary

2. in return, back

   andswaru ― answer, reply

3. facing, toward

   andweard ― present time

4. completely, fully

   andlang ― entire, continuous

   andweorc ― substance, matter, cause

   andleofen ― nourishment, sustenance

5. without

使用する際の注意点

This prefix was usually stressed; when unstressed, it weakened to an-, on-, or sometimes a-.

派生語

同意語

• ⁊ (symbol)