aとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (Received 発音, General American) IPA^(key): /ɑ/, /ə/
• Homophones: -er, -or (in non-rhotic accents)

接尾辞

-a

1. plural of -um
2. plural of -on

使用する際の注意点

• Whereas the regular pluralization in English involves adding -s or -es, English words derived from a Latin/Greek etymon where the Latin/Greek would pluralize from -on (Greek) or -um (Latin) to -a do not always do so. Usage of -a instead of -s differs between words: sometimes the two are interchangeable (e.g. memorandums/memoranda, polyhedrons/polyhedra), sometimes one is far more common than the other (e.g. neurons over neura, automata over automatons), and sometimes one is completely absent from usage (e.g. bacteria over bacteriums, dendrons over dendra)
• The word data is etymologically the plural of datum but is commonly regarded as an uncountable noun.

派生語

参考

語源 2

Representing the nominative singular case ending of Latin first-declension feminine nouns.

発音

• (Received 発音, General American) enPR: ə, IPA^(key): /ə/

接尾辞

-a (複数形 -ae または -æ)

1. Marks singular nouns, with a foundation in Greek or Latin, often implying femininity, especially when contrasted with words terminating in -us.

同意語

• (feminine suffix): -ess, -ette, -ine, -ress, -rix, she-

反意語

• (feminine suffix): he-

派生語

• incuba

語源 3

From Latin -a.

発音

• (Received 発音, General American) IPA^(key): /ə/

接尾辞

-a

1. Changes an element or substance into an oxide.

   ‎magnesium + ‎-a → ‎magnesia

語源 4

Shortened version of verb have.

発音

• (Received 発音, General American) IPA^(key): /ə/

接尾辞

-a

1. (slang) Alternative form of 've

   who'da thunk it?

   shoulda

   coulda

   woulda

語源 5

Equivalent to Etymology 2, representing Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish feminine nouns.

発音

• (Received 発音, General American) IPA^(key): /ə/

接尾辞

-a

1. Marks nouns, with a foundation in Italian, Spanish, or Portuguese, implying femininity.

   donna

   signora

同意語

• (female suffix): -ess, -ette, -ine, -ress, -rix, she-

反意語

• (female suffix): he-

語源 6

Added especially for metrical reasons, or as an empty filler syllable. Also used to imitate an Italian accent.

発音

• (Received 発音, General American) IPA^(key): /ə/

接尾辞

-a

1. Added for metrical reasons to songs, poetry and verse, or as an empty filler syllable to other speech.
   • c. 1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Winters Tale”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iii]:

     A merry heart goes all the day
     Your sad tires in a mile-a

   • 1936 July 18, Leon Schlesinger (producer) / Norman Spencer (music), I Love to Singa:

     I love to sing-a / about the moon-a and the June-a and the spring-a, / I love to sing-a / about a sky of blue-a, or a tea for two-a.

   • 2014, Don Pendleton, California Hit, Open Road Media, →ISBN:

     "I'm-a tell-a you why you better be. I named you in my will, Franco."

別の表記

• a, a-

語源 7

Shortened version of preposition of.

発音

• (Received 発音, General American) IPA^(key): /ə/

接尾辞

-a

1. (slang) clitic form of o' (contraction of of)

   lotta

   loadsa

   cuppa

   kinda

   sorta

   • 1946, Elizabeth Metzger Howard, Before the Sun Goes Down, page 31:

     "Jesus Christ! Was my folks refined. My mam she wouldn't think-a lettin' us young'uns call a pee pot a pee pot. A chamber's what she called it... And by God! Us young'uns had ter call the pee pot a chamber or git our God damn necks wrang."

語源 8

Shortened version of verb to.

発音

• (Received 発音, General American) IPA^(key): /ə/

接尾辞

-a

1. (informal) to (infinitive marker)

   oughta

   wanna

   gotta

   gonna

参考

• -er (which, in various non-rhotic dialects, reduces to -a, e.g. fatha, burna), compare -z

参照

• Lesley Brown, editor-in-chief; William R. Trumble and Angus Stevenson, editors (2002), “-a”, in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles, 5th edition, Oxford; New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 1.
• Christine A. Lindberg, editor (2002), “-a”, in The Oxford College Dictionary, 2nd edition, New York, N.Y.: Spark Publishing, →ISBN, page 1.

Latin

語源 1

From Proto-Italic *-ā, from Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ (feminine suffix) (also forming masculine agent nouns from verbs). Compare Latin poeta from Ancient Greek ποιητής (poiētḗs), and Latin agricola from Latin -a.

発音

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /a/, [ä]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /a/, [äː]

接尾辞

-a f or m (genitive -ae); first declension

2. suffixed to the root of masculine nouns, forms a feminine counterpart

   ‎equus + ‎-a → ‎equa

   ‎flāmen + ‎-a → ‎flāmina

   ‎magister + ‎-a → ‎magistra

4. suffixed to the roots of (usually compound) verbs, forms (usually masculine) agent nouns

   ‎adveniō + ‎-a → ‎advena

   ‎caedō + ‎-a → ‎-cīda

   ‎colō + ‎-a → ‎-cola

   ‎cōnferveō + ‎-a → ‎cōnferva f

   ‎cōnsolidō + ‎-a → ‎cōnsolida f

   ‎scrībō + ‎-a → ‎scrība

語形変化

First-declension noun.

1. Certain masculine nouns ending in -a, especially those ending in -cola and -gena, sometimes have a short genitive plural form ending in -um instead of -ārum.

2. Feminine nouns such as fīlia (“daughter”) that have a second-declension masculine counterpart that takes the ending -īs in the dative and ablative plural (fīlius (“son”), with the dative and ablative plural fīliīs) sometimes take the ending -ābus instead of -īs in the dative and ablative plural to avoid ambiguity. Forms in -ābus are attested earliest for the nouns fīlia and dea (“goddess”), and later on for others such as līberta (“freedwoman”), equa (“mare”) and anima.

同意語

• (suffixed to the roots of verbs, forms masculine agent nouns): -ō¹

派生語

参照

• “-a¹” on page 1/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

語源 2

From Old Latin -ād, originally the ablative feminine singular form of first-declension adjectives (compare -us (suffix forming adjectives)).

発音

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /aː/, [äː]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /a/, [äː]

接尾辞

-ā (not comparable)

2. suffixed chiefly to the stems of adjectives terminating in -ter, forms adverbs which are frequently also used as prepositions

   cis + -ā → citrā

   exter + -ā → extrā

   in- + -ter + -ā → intrā

   uls + -ā → ultrā

派生語

参照

• “-ā²” on page 1/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

語源 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

発音

• -a: (Classical) IPA^(key): /a/, [ä]
• -a: (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /a/, [ä]
• -ā: (Classical) IPA^(key): /aː/, [äː]
• -ā: (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /a/, [ä]

接尾辞

-a

1. inflection of -us:
   1. nominative/vocative feminine singular
   2. nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural

接尾辞

-ā

1. ablative feminine singular of -us

語源 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

発音

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /aː/, [äː]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /a/, [äː]

接尾辞

-ā

1. second-person singular present active imperative of -ō (first conjugation)

発音

• IPA^(key): /ɑ/

語源 1

From Proto-Germanic *-ô. Cognate with Old High German -o.

接尾辞

-a

1. nominative masculine n-stem ending

   ācweorna ― squirrel

   fola ― foal

   draca ― dragon

   grīma ― mask

   heorra ― door hinge

3. used to form masculine agents, usually from verbs

   Synonyms: -end, -ere

   ‎ġiefan (“to give”) + ‎-a → ‎ġiefa (“giver”)

   ‎dēman (“to judge”) + ‎-a → ‎dēma (“a judge”)

   ‎cuman (“to come”) + ‎-a → ‎cuma (“guest”)

語形変化

派生語

派生した語

• Middle English: -e

語源 2

From Proto-West Germanic *-ō, from Proto-Germanic *-ô.

接尾辞

-a

1. Ending forming adverbs

使用する際の注意点

• Though it was common in Proto-Germanic and Proto-West Germanic, in Old English this ending is restricted to only a few adverbs, among them sōna (“immediately”) and ġeāra (“long ago”). The competing suffix -e is much more common, along with -līċe.

派生した語

• Middle English: -e (fossilised)

接合辞

-a-

1. Connective interfix used in forming compounds, often no longer carrying a distinct meaning.

   Synonym: o'

派生語

語源 2

From earlier a (attested by the 14th c.), as a contraction of and and its various Middle English forms.

接続詞

-a-

1. And
   • 1746, Exmoor Scolding 3rd ed., 81

     Chem a laced well-a-fine aread

   Synonyms: an', n'

語源 3

From French à (“various prepositions”) and related prepositions in other Romance languages. Also from related misunderstandings, as all-a-mort from French à la morte.

別の表記

• à, -à-

接中辞

-a-

1. Connective infix encountered in loanwords and phrases, generally no longer carrying a distinct meaning.

派生語

語源 4

(This etymology is missing または incomplete. Please add to it, または discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

接中辞

-a-

1. (chemistry) Replacing carbon, especially in a ring.

語源 5

The vowel of rat.

接中辞

-a-

1. (pharmacology) A monoclonal antibody derived from a rat.

関連する語

• -mab is the base suffix common to all monoclonal antibodies

参照

• USP Dictionary of USAN and International Drug Names, U.S. Pharmacopeia, 2000

同意語

• A plus

同意語

• AU$
• AUD

名詞

A* (複数形 A*'s または A*s)

1. An academic grade, higher than A. Where it is used, it is often the best class of result.
2. (computer science) A best-first graph search algorithm for finding a lowest-cost path to a goal.

参考

• A+
• A* on Wikipedia.

参照

• (academic grade): Guardian article explaining A* grade
• (search algorithm): Generalized best-first search strategies and the optimality of A*

名詞

A- (複数形 A-'s)

1. Academic grade issued by some institutions, which is inferior to an A and superior to a B+.

形容詞

a' (not comparable)

1. Alternative spelling of a (“all”) [First attested from 1350 to 1470.]

前置詞

a'

1. (archaic) Alternative form of a (“in”)
   • 1661, Samuel Tuke, "The Adventures of Five Hours", in 1876, Robert Dodsley, William Carew Hazlitt, A Select Collection of Old English Plays, page 217:

     SIL. What, a' God's name, could come into the heads

     Of this people to make them rebel?

     ERN. Why, religion; that came into their heads

     A' God's name.

     GER. But what a devil made the noblemen

     Rebel? they never mind religion.

名詞

a.

1. Abbreviation of abbreviation.
2. Abbreviation of acceleration (in feet per second).
3. Abbreviation of accommodation.^[1]
4. Abbreviation of account.
5. Abbreviation of acre; acres; acreage.
6. Abbreviation of acronym.
7. Abbreviation of act; acting.
8. Abbreviation of activity.
9. Abbreviation of adjective.
10. Abbreviation of adjutant.
11. Abbreviation of adult.
12. Abbreviation of afternoon.
13. Abbreviation of age.
14. Abbreviation of altitude; altitude intercept.
15. Abbreviation of alto.
16. Abbreviation of amateur.
17. Abbreviation of ampere.
18. Abbreviation of annealing.
19. Abbreviation of anode.^[1]
20. Abbreviation of answer.
21. Abbreviation of anthracite.
22. Abbreviation of apprentice.
23. Abbreviation of arc.
24. Abbreviation of are, ares.
25. Abbreviation of area.^[1]
26. Abbreviation of argent.
27. Abbreviation of assist; assists.
28. Abbreviation of atmosphere.
29. Abbreviation of attendance.
30. Abbreviation of audit; auditor.
31. Abbreviation of aunt.
32. Abbreviation of aviation; aviator.
33. Abbreviation of axis.

形容詞

a.

1. Abbreviation of absent.
2. Abbreviation of absolute.
3. Abbreviation of abundant.
4. Abbreviation of accepted.
5. Abbreviation of accidental.
6. Abbreviation of acting.
7. Abbreviation of active.
   1. (linguistics, by extension) Abbreviation of transitive.
8. Abbreviation of aerial.
9. Abbreviation of alto.
10. Abbreviation of amateur.
11. Abbreviation of annus (“a year”).
12. Abbreviation of anonymous.
13. Abbreviation of ante (“before”).
14. Abbreviation of anterior.
15. Abbreviation of aqua.^[1]
16. Abbreviation of argent.
17. Abbreviation of artery;^[1] arterial blood.
18. Abbreviation of automatic.
19. Abbreviation of available.
20. (heraldry) Abbreviation of azure.

副詞

a.

1. Abbreviation of anno (“in the year”).
2. Abbreviation of annually.

前置詞

a.

1. Abbreviation of about.
2. Abbreviation of at.
3. Abbreviation of ante (“before”).

接続詞

a.

1. Abbreviation of also.

参照

Further reading

• Thomas, Clayton L., editor (1940) Taber's Encyclopedic Medical Dictionary, 5th edition, Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company, published 1993, →ISBN, page 1