fast [の英語

発音

• (Received Pronunciation, General Australian, New Zealand, General South African) enPR: fäst, IPA: /fɑːst/
  • 韻: -ɑːst
• (General American, Northern England) enPR: făst, IPA: /fæst/
  • 韻: -æst

語源 1

From 中期英語 fast, fest, from 古期英語 fæst (“firm, secure”), from Proto-West Germanic *fast, from Proto-Germanic *fastuz; see it for cognates and further etymology.

The development of “rapid” from an original sense of “secure” apparently happened first in the adverb and then transferred to the adjective; compare hard in expressions like “to run hard”. The original sense of “secure, firm” is now slightly archaic, but retained in the related fasten (“make secure”). Also compare close meaning change from Latin rapiō (“to snatch”) to Latin rapidus (“rapid, quick”), from Irish sciob (“to snatch”) to Irish sciobtha (“quick”).

形容詞

fast (comparative faster, superlative fastest)

1. (dated) Firmly or securely fixed in place; stable. [from 9th c.]

   Synonyms: firm, immobile, secure, stable, stuck, tight

   Antonym: loose

   Hyponyms: bedfast, chairfast, colorfast, fail-fast, lightfast, shamefast, soothfast, steadfast

   That rope is dangerously loose. Make it fast!

2. Firm against attack; fortified by nature or art; impregnable; strong.

   Synonyms: fortified, impenetrable

   Antonyms: penetrable, weak

   • 1596 (date written; published 1633), Edmund Spenser, A Vewe of the Present State of Irelande […], Dublin: […] Societie of Stationers, […], →OCLC; republished as A View of the State of Ireland […] (Ancient Irish Histories), Dublin: […] Society of Stationers, […] Hibernia Press, […] [b]y John Morrison, 1809, →OCLC:

     out-lawes […] lurking in woods and fast places

3. (of people) Steadfast, with unwavering feeling. (Now mostly in set phrases like fast friend(s).) [from 10th c.]
   • 1933, Will Hudson, Irving Mills, Eddy DeLange, Moonglow:

     I still hear you sayin', "Dear one, hold me fast"

4. Moving with great speed, or capable of doing so; swift, rapid. [from 14th c.]

   Synonyms: quick, rapid, speedy

   I am going to buy a fast car.

   1. (nuclear physics, of a neutron) Having a kinetic energy between 1 million and 20 million electron volts; often used to describe the energy state of free neutrons at the moment of their release by a nuclear fission or nuclear fusion reaction (i.e., before the neutrons have been slowed down by anything).

      Plutonium-240 has a much higher fission cross-section for fast neutrons than for thermal neutrons.

5. Of a place, characterised by business, hustle and bustle, etc.
   • 1968, Carl Ruhen, The Key Club, Sydney: Scripts, page 15:

     Sydney is a fast city, and the pace is becoming increasingly more frantic.

6. Causing unusual rapidity of play or action.

   a fast racket, or tennis court

   a fast track

   a fast billiard table

   a fast dance floor

7. (computing, of a piece of hardware) Able to transfer data in a short period of time.
   • 2007 November 18, Jim Holt, “Mind of a Rock”, in The New York Times‎:

     But at the microlevel it consists of an unimaginable number of atoms connected by springy chemical bonds, all jiggling around at a rate that even our fastest supercomputer might envy.

8. Deep or sound (of sleep); fast asleep (of people). [16th–19th c.]

   Synonyms: deep, sound

   Antonym: light

   • c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

     Since his majesty went into the field, I have seen her rise from her bed, throw her nightgown upon her, unlock her closet, take forth paper, fold it, write upon’t, read it, afterwards seal it, and again return to bed; yet all this while in a most fast sleep.

9. (of dyes or colours) Not running or fading when subjected to detrimental conditions such as wetness or intense light; permanent. [from 17th c.]

   Synonym: colour-fast

   All the washing has come out pink. That red tee-shirt was not fast.

   • 1979, Kax Wilson, A History of Textiles, Westview Press, →ISBN, page 87:

     Mineral pigments were probably the first materials used for dyeing. They were generally not fast to water.

10. (obsolete) Tenacious; retentive.
    • 1625, Francis [Bacon], “Of Gardens”, in The Essayes […], 3rd edition, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:

      Roses, damask and red, are fast flowers of their smells.

11. (dated) Having an extravagant lifestyle or immoral habits. [from 18th c.]

    a fast woman

    • 1852, John Swaby, Physiology of the Opera, page 74:

      […] we remember once hearing a fast man suggest that they were evidently "nobs who had overdrawn the badger by driving fast cattle, and going it high" — the exact signification of which words we did not understand […]

    • 1867, George W. Bungay, “Temperance and its Champions”, in The Herald of Health and Journal of Physical Culture‎, volume I, page 277:

      Had Senator Wilson won the unenviable reputation of being a fast man—a lover of wine, or had he shown himself to the public in a state of inebriety, unable to stand erect in Fanueil Hall for instance, leaning upon the desk to “maintain the center of gravity,” and uttering words that fell sprawling in “muddy obscurity” from lips redolent of rum, rendering it necessary for a prompter and an interpreter to sculpture his speech into symmetry for the public ear and the public press, he would have been pelted from his high office with the indignant ballots of his constituents.

    • 1933, Dorothy L. Sayers, The Queen’s Square:

      “I don’t like that young woman,” said Lady Hermione; she’s fast.” “Dear Lady!” “I’ve no doubt you think me old-fashioned. Well, I’m glad I am. I say she’s fast, and what’s more, heartless. I was watching her before supper, and I’m sorry for Tony Lee. She’s been flirting as hard as she can go with Harry Vibart-not to give it a worse name-and she’s got Jim Playfair on a string too. She can’t even leave Frank Bellingham alone, though she’s staying in his house.”

    • 1979, Doug Fieger, Good Girls Don't:

      You're alone with her at last / And you're waiting 'til you think the time is right / Cause you've heard she's pretty fast / And you're hoping that she'll give you some tonight.

12. (offensive, vernacular, dated, of a girl or young woman) Uncharacteristically mature or promiscuous for one's age.
13. Ahead of the correct time or schedule. [from 19th c.]

    Synonyms: ahead, (as in “the clock is gaining x minutes per hour/day”) gain

    Antonyms: behind, slow

    There must be something wrong with the hall clock. It is always fast.

14. (of photographic film) More sensitive to light than average. [from 20th c.]

使用する際の注意点

• In the context of nuclear reactors or weaponry, fission-spectrum neutrons (neutrons with the spectrum of energies produced by nuclear fission) are frequently referred to as fast neutrons, even though the majority of fission-spectrum neutrons have energies below the 1-million-electron-volt cutoff.

同意語

• (occurring or happening within a short time): quick, rapid, speedy, swift
• (capable of moving with great speed): see also Thesaurus:speedy
• (rapidly consents to sexual activity): easy, slutty; see also Thesaurus:promiscuous
• (firmly or securely fixed in place): see also Thesaurus:tight

反意語

• (antonym(s) of “occurring or happening within a short time”): slow

派生語

名詞

fast (plural fasts)

1. (British, rail transport) A train that calls at only some stations it passes between its origin and destination, typically just the principal stations.

   Synonyms: express, express train, fast train

   Antonyms: local, slow train, stopper

間投詞

fast

1. (archery) Ellipsis of stand fast, a warning not to pass between the arrow and the target.

   Antonym: loose

語源 2

From 中期英語 fast, faste, from 古期英語 fæste, from fæst + -e (adverb-forming suffix).

副詞

fast (comparative faster, superlative fastest)

1. In a firm or secure manner, securely; in such a way as not to be moved; safe, sound [from 10th c.].

   Synonyms: fastly, firmly, securely, tightly

   Antonym: loosely

   Hold this rope as fast as you can.

   • c. 1596–1598 (date written), W[illiam] Shakespeare, The Excellent History of the Merchant of Venice. […] (First Quarto), [London]: […] J[ames] Roberts [for Thomas Heyes], published 1600, →OCLC, [Act II, scene v], signature D2, recto:

     Do as I bid you, ſhut doores after you,
     Faſt binde, faſt finde,
     A Prouerbe neuer ſtale in thrifty minde.

   • 1726 October 28, [Jonathan Swift], “The Author Gives Some Account of Himself and Family, His First Inducements to Travel. […]”, in Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. […] [Gulliver’s Travels], volume I, London: […] Benj[amin] Motte, […], →OCLC, part I (A Voyage to Lilliput), page 20:

     Nine hundred of the ſtrongeſt Men were employed to draw up theſe Cords by many Pulleys faſtned on the Poles, and thus, in leſs than three Hours, I was raiſed and flung into the Engine, and there tyed faſt.

2. (of sleeping) Deeply or soundly [from 13th c.].

   Synonym: deeply

   Antonym: lightly

   The princess was sleeping fast, and her servants were fast asleep too.

3. Immediately following in place or time; close, very near [from 13th c.].

   The horsemen came fast on our heels.

   Fast by the sturdy batsman the ball unheeded sped. / That ain't my style, said Casey. Strike one, the umpire said.

4. Quickly, with great speed; within a short time [from 13th c.].

   Synonyms: fastly (now nonstandard), quickly, rapidly, speedily, swiftly

   Antonym: slowly

   Do it as fast as you can.

   • 2013 August 17, “Pennies streaming from heaven”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8849:

     Faster than a speeding bit, the internet upended media and entertainment companies. Piracy soared, and sales of albums and films slid. Newspapers lost advertising and readers to websites. Stores selling books, CDs and DVDs went bust. Doomsayers predicted that consumers and advertisers would abandon pay-television en masse in favour of online alternatives.

5. Ahead of the correct time or schedule.

   Synonym: ahead

   Antonym: behind

   I think my watch is running fast.

語源 3

From 中期英語 fasten, from 古期英語 fæstan (verb), 古期英語 fæsten (noun) from From Proto-Germanic *fastāną (“fast”), from the same root as Proto-Germanic *fastijaną (“fasten”), derived from *fastuz, and thereby related to Etymology 1. The religious sense is presumably introduced in the Gothic church, from Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 (fastan, “hold fast (viz. to the rule of abstinence)”). This semantic development is unique to Gothic, the term glosses Greek νηστεύω (nēsteúō), Latin ieiuno which do not have similar connotations of "holding fast". The feminine noun Old High German fasta likely existed in the 8th century (shift to neuter Old High German fasten from the 9th century, whence modern German Fasten). The 古期英語 noun originally had the sense "fortress, enclosure" and takes the religious sense only in late 古期英語, perhaps influenced by Old Norse fasta. The use for reduced nutrition intake for medical reasons or for weight reduction develops by the mid-1970s, back-formed from the use of the verbal noun fasting in this sense (1960s).

動詞

fast (third-person singular simple present fasts, present participle fasting, simple past and past participle fasted)

1. (intransitive) To practice religious abstinence, especially from food.
   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Samuel 12:21:

     Thou didst fast and weep for the child.

   • 1671, John Milton, “The First Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, London: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC, page 2:

     Fasting he went to sleep, and fasting waked.

   • 1677 George Fox, The Hypocrites Fast and Feast Not God's Holy Day, p. 8 (paraphrasing Matthew 6:16-18).

     And is it not the Command of Christ, that in their Fast they should not appear unto men to fast?

   • 2007, John Zerzan, Silence, page 3:

     It is at the core of the Vision Quest, the solitary period of fasting and closeness to the earth to discover one's life path and purpose.

2. (intransitive) To reduce or limit one's nutrition intake for medical or health reasons, to diet.
   • 1977, Suza Norton, “To get the most benefit from fasting use a body-building diet”, in Yoga Journal, Jul-Aug 1977, p. 40:

     The ideal would be to fast in a situation where you are not tempted by food

   • 1983, Experimental Lung Research, volumes 5-6, Informa healthcare, page 134:

     After the equilibration period, the rats designated for deprivation studies were made to fast for 24, 48, 72, or 96 hr according to experimental design.

3. (transitive, sciences) To cause (a person or animal) to abstain, especially from eating.
   • Walker et al. (2007)

     At 11 weeks of age, all mice were fasted overnight and underwent gallbladder ultrasonography to determine ejection fraction.

   • Semick et al. (2018)

     Kittens, when fasted overnight, were not hypoglycemic (<60 mg/dl).

派生語

名詞

fast (plural fasts)

1. The act or practice of fasting, religious abstinence from food.
   • 1677 George Fox, The Hypocrites Fast and Feast Not God's Holy Day, p. 8 (paraphrasing Matthew 6:16-18).

     And is it not the Command of Christ, that in their Fast they should not appear unto men to fast?

   • 1878, Joseph Bingham, The Antiquities of the Christian Church, volume 2, page 1182:

     anciently a change of diet was not reckoned a fast; but it consisted in a perfect abstinence from all sustenance for the whole day till evening.

2. Any of the fasting periods in the liturgical year.
   • 1662 Peter Gunning, The Holy Fast of Lent Defended Against All Its Prophaners: Or, a Discourse, Shewing that Lent-Fast was First Taught the World by the Apostles (1677 [1662]), p. 13 (translation of the Paschal Epistle of Theophilus of Alexandria).

     And so may we enter the Fasts at hand, beginning Lent the 30th. day of the Month Mechir

派生語

参照

• William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “fast”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.
• “fast”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

アナグラム

• AT&SF, ATFs, ATSF, FTAs, SAFT, TAFs, afts, fats, tafs

副詞

fast

1. fast (quickly)

派生した語

• English: fast
• → Irish: feiste

参照

• “fast(e, adv.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.