lessとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

Adverb From Middle English les, lesse, leasse, lasse, from 古期英語 lǣs (“smaller, less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisiz, from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”). Cognate with Old Frisian lēs (“less”), Old Saxon lēs (“less”).

Determiner and preposition from Middle English lees, lesse, leasse, lasse, from 古期英語 lǣssa (“less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”) (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian lessa (“less”).

Verb from Middle English lessen, from the determiner.

Noun from Middle English lesse, from the determiner.

副詞

less (diminutive comparative)

1. comparative degree of little

   I slept even less last night than I did the night before.

   I like him less each time I see him.

   • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter VIII, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

     I corralled the judge, and we started off across the fields, in no very mild state of fear of that gentleman's wife, whose vigilance was seldom relaxed. And thus we came by a circuitous route to Mohair, the judge occupied by his own guilty thoughts, and I by others not less disturbing.

2. Used for constructing syntactic diminutive comparatives of adjectives and adverbs.

   Randal is less welcome than Rachel but as her spouse we should invite them both.

   This gadget is less useful than I expected.

   I'm not any less happy for being on my own.

   • 1957, Lester Del Rey, Rockets Through Space: The Story of Man's Preparations to Explore the Universe:

     This section of space is much less empty than that between the stars, […]

   • 2012 November 7, Matt Bai, “Winning a Second Term, Obama Will Confront Familiar Headwinds”, in New York Times‎^[1]:

     That brief moment after the election four years ago, when many Americans thought Mr. Obama’s election would presage a new, less fractious political era, now seems very much a thing of the past.

   • 2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:

     In plants, the ability to recognize self from nonself plays an important role in fertilization, because self-fertilization will result in less diverse offspring than fertilization with pollen from another individual.

3. To a smaller extent or degree.

   The grammar book was less than (that is, not at all) helpful.

   That this is a positive one makes it no less a stereotype, and therefore unacceptable.

反意語

• more

限定詞

less

1. (Now chiefly of numbers または dimensions) comparative form of little: more little; of inferior size, degree or extent; smaller, lesser. [from 11th c.]
   • 1624, John Smith, Generall Historie, Kupperman, published 1988, page 141:

     Those Rattels are somewhat like the chape of a Rapier, but lesse, which they take from the taile of a snake.

   • 1711, The Spectator, number 126:

     We are likewise ready to maintain with the hazard of all that is near and dear to us, that six is less than seven in all times and all places […] .

   • 1885, Edward James Reed, A Treatise on the Stability of Ships:

     It is also easy to see that the straight line, representing the locus of centres of buoyancy for a rectangular section, must lie at a less inclination to the base (i.e., to the horizontal) than a line representing the locus of such centres for a parabolic section […]

2. A smaller amount of; not as much. [from 12th c.]

   No less than eight pints of beer.

   I have less tea than coffee.

   You have even less sense than an inanimate object.

   • 2013 May-June, William E. Conner, “An Acoustic Arms Race”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, pages 206–7:

     Earless ghost swift moths become “invisible” to echolocating bats by forming mating clusters close (less than half a meter) above vegetation and effectively blending into the clutter of echoes that the bat receives from the leaves and stems around them.

3. (proscribed) Fewer; a smaller number of. [from 14th c.]

   There are less people here now.

   Now there are three less green bottles hanging on the wall.

   • 1681, John Houghton, A Collection For the Improvement of Husbandry and Trade, page 263:

     ... on his land he will have less manure, less corn, and less people; ...

   • 1952 September 7, Thomas M Pryor, New York Times:

     This is not a happy situation as far as the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employes is concerned because it means less jobs for the union's members here at home.

   • 1999, George R.R. Martin, A Clash of Kings, Bantam, published 2011, page 555:

     No less than four standard-bearers went before them, carrying huge crimson banners emblazoned with the golden lion.

   • 2003 December 16, Timandra Harkness, The Guardian:

     Although my hosts, G S Aviation, can teach you to fly in Wiltshire, an intensive week at their French airfield means less problems with the weather, cheap but good living, and complete removal from any distractions.

使用する際の注意点

Some^[*] regard the use of the determiner less with countable quantities to be incorrect, stating that less should indicate only a reduction in uncountable quantity, or in size or significance, leaving fewer to indicate a smaller numerical quantity. For example, they suggest saying less sugar, but fewer people, not less people. Such a rule can allow distinctions such as:

• Their troubles are fewer than ours, meaning "Their troubles are not so numerous as ours."
• Their troubles are less than ours, meaning "Their troubles are not so great as ours."

Nevertheless, less has been widely understood and commonly used as a synonym for fewer since it first appeared in Old English as læs.

反意語

• more

参考

• fewer
• lesser

前置詞

less

1. Minus; not including

   It should then tax all of that as personal income, less the proportion of the car's annual mileage demonstrably clocked up on company business.

反意語

• plus

動詞

less (三人称単数 現在形 lesses, 現在分詞 lessing, 過去形および過去分詞形 lessed)

1. (archaic) To make less; to lessen.
   • 1386-90, Gower, Confessio Amantis

     What he will make lesse, he lesseth.

   • c. 1650, Patrick Gordon of Ruthven, A short Abridgement of Britane's Distemper, from the yeares of God 1639 to 1649, printed 1844 for the Spalding Club

     Som of the wiser sort, divining upon this vission, attrebute to the pen-knyves the lenth of tym before this should com to pass, and it hath been observed by sindrie that the earles of that hous befor wer the richest in the kingdom, having treasure and store besyde them, but ever since the addittion of this so great a revenue, they have lessed the stock by heavie burdens of debt and ingagment.

   • 1816, "Joseph Wharton" [obituary notice], Poulson's Advertiser, quoted in Genealogy of the Wharton Family of Philadelphia: 1664 to 1880, Anne Hollingsworth Wharton (1880)

     The protracted term of life, and the lingering illness through which this gentleman had passed, had neither impaired the original vigour of his mind, nor lessed the uncommon warmth of his affections.

   • 1852, Charles Heavysege, The revolt of Tartarus, a poem, page 116:

     Soon as I lessed the tree of this, it waned — Less cause, gave less effect

   • 1886, Horace Eaton Walker, The Lady of Dardale and Other Poems, page 74:

     The scattered beauties thro' the air, Have lessed the woe, the dread, the care;

派生語

形容詞

less (not comparable)

1. (archaic) Lesser; smaller.
   • 1854 August 9, Henry D[avid] Thoreau, “Economy”, in Walden; or, Life in the Woods, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, →OCLC:

     Such too, to a greater or less extent, is the condition of the operatives of every denomination in England, which is the great workhouse of the world.

   • 1886, Robert Louis Stevenson, Kidnapped:

     This he said, thinking that Alan would be pleased; but the Highlandman’s vanity was ready to startle at a less matter than that.

名詞

less (uncountable)

1. A smaller amount or quantity.

   Less is better.

   I have less to do today than yesterday.

語源 2

From Middle English lesse, les, from 古期英語 lǣs, as in þȳ lǣs þe.

接続詞

less

1. (dialectal, nonstandard) unless
   • 1614 November 10 (first performance; Gregorian calendar), Beniamin Iohnson [i.e., Ben Jonson], Bartholmew Fayre: A Comedie, […], London: […] I[ohn] B[eale] for Robert Allot, […], published 1631, →OCLC, (please specify the page):

     To tell you true, 'tis too good for you, 'less you had grace to follow it

参照

• “less”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
• “less”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.
• Douglas Harper (2001–2023), “less”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

アナグラム

• ELSS, SELs, SLEs

語源

From Middle English -les, -leas, from 古期英語 -lēas (“-less”), from lēas (“devoid of, loose from, false”), from Proto-Germanic *lausaz (“loose”). (Not related to less, which derives from *laisiz, *laisizô.) Cognate with Scots -less, West Frisian -leas, Saterland Frisian -loos, Dutch -loos (“-less”), Low German -los, German -los, Danish -løs, Swedish -lös, Icelandic -laus. More at lease (“false”).

発音

• IPA^(key): /ləs/, /lɪs/

接尾辞

-less

1. Lacking (something); without (something). Added usually to a noun to form an adjective signifying a lack of that noun.
   • 2013 September-October, Henry Petroski, “The Evolution of Eyeglasses”, in American Scientist:

     The ability of a segment of a glass sphere to magnify whatever is placed before it was known around the year 1000, when the spherical segment was called a reading stone, essentially what today we might term a frameless magnifying glass or plain glass paperweight.

使用する際の注意点

• Adjectives formed using -less often form nouns by the addition of -ness (e.g. helplessness), but generally do not form nouns by the addition of other noun-forming endings.
• A notable exception to the usual usage of this suffix is that doubtless is usually an adverb, rather than an adjective.

同意語

• (lacking): an-, ex-, -free

反意語

• -ed
• -ful
• -y

派生語

アナグラム

• ELSS, SELs, SLEs