-enとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From Middle English -n, -en, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Middle English take(n), took, taken (“take, took, taken”)), from Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Old Norse taka, tók, tekinn (“take, took, taken”)). From Proto-Norse *-ᛁᚾᚨ- (*-ina-), from Proto-Germanic *-inaz, a variant of *-anaz. Replaced the native past participle ending of strong verbs (from 古期英語 -en) in some words, which had weakened to -e or disappeared (compare Southern Middle English do(n), dud(e), ydo (“do, did, done”)), but not in others (compare cume(n), com, ycume (“come, came, come”)), from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós.

別の表記

• -n

接尾辞

-en

1. (no longer productive) Denotes the past participle form when attached to a verb.

   ‎take + ‎-en → ‎taken

   ‎forgive + ‎-en → ‎forgiven

   ‎prove + ‎-en → ‎proven

2. Denotes a quasi-past participle or participle-like adjective when attached to a noun or verb.

   ‎fork + ‎-en → ‎forken (“forked”)

   ‎pave + ‎-en → ‎paven (“paved”)

   ‎barefoot + ‎-en → ‎bare-footen (“bare-footed”)

   ‎enslave + ‎-en → ‎enslaven (“enslaved”)

使用する際の注意点

Some linguistic writing on English, such as The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, uses -en as the name of an abstract morpheme which forms the past participle of all English verbs. Including ones which do not actually use the suffix -en are described as "cook + -en → cooked".

派生語

語源 2

From Middle English -en, from 古期英語 -an, from Proto-Germanic *-an-, *-in-, from Proto-Indo-European *-én-.

From Middle English -n (in words ending in a vowel: flee: fleen "flea: fleas") and -en. Noun plural marker (predominantly in Southern dialects of Middle English), from 古期英語 nominative-accusative plural ending of weak nouns (n-stem declension); compare ‎nama m (“name”) + ‎-en → ‎naman (“names”); ‎hlǣfdīġe f (“lady”) + ‎-en → ‎hlǣfdīġan (“ladies”); ‎ēare n (“ear”) + ‎-en → ‎ēaran (“ears”). Assisted by Middle English dative plural ending -n, -en from late O.E. -un, -on, weakened form of earlier -um. Akin to Old High German n-stem (compare namo: namon "name: names"), Latin n-stem (compare homo: homin-).

別の表記

• -n

接尾辞

-en

2. Used to denote the plural form of a small number of English nouns, the majority of whose etymologies go back to the n-stem (i.e. weak noun) declension of Germanic languages.

   Examples in general modern use:

   ‎aurochs + ‎-en → ‎aurochsen^[1]

   ‎brother + ‎-en → ‎brethren (religious sense)^[1]

   ‎child + ‎-en → ‎children (cf. childer)^[1]

   ‎ox + ‎-en → ‎oxen^[1]

   Archaic or dialectal examples:

   ‎bee + ‎-en → ‎been

   ‎cheese + ‎-en → ‎cheesen

   ‎ky (“cows”) + ‎-en → ‎kine

   ‎knee + ‎-en → ‎kneen

   ‎ey + ‎-en → ‎eyren

   ‎eye + ‎-en → ‎eyen

   ‎feather + ‎-en → ‎feathern

   ‎horse + ‎-en → ‎horsen

   ‎hose + ‎-en → ‎hosen

   ‎house + ‎-en → ‎housen

   ‎pease + ‎-en → ‎peasen

   ‎shoe + ‎-en → ‎shoon

   ‎sister + ‎-en → ‎sistren

   ‎tree + ‎-en → ‎treen

   • 1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester:

     Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes.

3. (nonstandard, rare, often dialectal or humorous) Used to form the plural of nouns.

   ‎box + ‎-en → ‎boxen

   ‎VAX + ‎-en → ‎VAXen

   • 2007, James Patrick Kelly, John Kessel, Rewired: The Post-Cyberpunk Anthology:

     There was one other user logged in, “scaredy,” and he checked the process monitor and saw that scaredy had spawned all the hundreds of processes that were probing him and plenty of other boxen.

   • 2012, Jenny Lawson, Let's Pretend This Never Happened:

     Victor and I are having a huge argument about whether or not to feed the foxen. Victor says yes, because they're adorable and— according to the neighbors—are quite tame. I say no, because we have a fat little pug who likes to frolic outside occasionally and I don't want to see him eaten. I thought we were on the same page about the fox, but then Victor went and threw an apple at it. And I was all, “What the fuck? We don't feed the foxen,” and he said, “I was throwing the apple at it to chase it away,” but Victor is a tremendous liar, and he didn't go to pick up the apple, probably because he knows that foxen love apple cider.

   • 2015, David Greygoose, Brunt Boggart:

     For now the boys grew whiskers and hung fox pelts from their shoulders and the girlen all wore scarlet skirts and braided ribbons through their hair.

使用する際の注意点

• Not productive, outside of occasional humorous use, particularly in computer hacker subculture. Notable examples are boxen, Unixen, VAXen, all of which are modelled on oxen.
• This ending is also found on some plurals that were borrowed intact from Dutch or German, like klompen, lagerstätten, lederhosen.

派生語

• See also: Category:English irregular plurals ending in "-en"

語源 3

From Middle English -(e)nen, -(e)nien, from 古期英語 -nian, from Proto-Germanic *-inōną. Cognate with Danish -ne, Swedish -na, Icelandic -na.

接尾辞

-en

2. When attached to certain adjectives, it forms a transitive verb whose meaning is, to make (adjective). Usually, the verb is ergative, sometimes not. The same construction could also be done to certain (fewer) nouns, as, strengthen, in which case the verb means roughly, "to give (noun) to", or "to become like (noun)".

   ‎white (adjective) + ‎-en → ‎whiten

   ‎quick + ‎-en → ‎quicken

   ‎strength (noun) + ‎-en → ‎strengthen

   ‎haste + ‎-en → ‎hasten

   ‎night + ‎-en → ‎nighten

使用する際の注意点

• Although -en is a very common verb ending, it is not currently very productive in forming new words, being mostly restricted to monosyllabic bases which end in an obstruent; new formations tend to be nonstandard or humorous.

派生語

語源 4

From Middle English -en, from 古期英語 -en, from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz; suffix meaning "made of, consisting of, having the qualities of" applied to nouns to form adjectives. Akin to Dutch -en, German -en, Icelandic -inn, Latin -īnus. See -ine.

別の表記

• -in

接尾辞

-en

2. 接尾辞 meaning "pertaining to", "having the qualities of", "resembling", "like".

   ‎wolf + ‎-en → ‎wolven

   ‎peach + ‎-en → ‎peachen

   ‎goat + ‎-en → ‎goaten

4. When attached to certain nouns that are the names of a material, it forms an adjective whose meaning is, made of (noun). This is a formative pattern with many obsolescent remnants. Fowler (1926) pointed out the tendency for the -en forms to be restricted to metaphorical and secondary senses. Changes in the form of the root noun, and the dropping of the "e" in the suffix occur. There are also orphan formations whose root has been lost to the current language.

   Current examples used in a literal and sometimes metaphorical sense:

   ‎wood + ‎-en → ‎wooden

   ‎gold + ‎-en → ‎golden

   ‎wheat + ‎-en → ‎wheaten

   ‎oat + ‎-en → ‎oaten

   ‎silk + ‎-en → ‎silken

   ‎earth + ‎-en → ‎earthen

   ‎flax + ‎-en → ‎flaxen

   ‎lead + ‎-en → ‎leaden

   ‎wool + ‎-en → ‎woollen

   ‎oak + ‎-en → ‎oaken

   Examples where a metaphorical sense is common but the literal sense is rare or archaic:

   ‎brass + ‎-en → ‎brazen ("shameless")

   Rare or archaic examples:

   ‎ash + ‎-en → ‎ashen ("made of ash-tree wood"; ashen "grey like ashes, appalled" is still current)

   ‎box + ‎-en → ‎boxen ("made of boxwood")

   ‎bronze + ‎-en → ‎bronzen

   ‎silver + ‎-en → ‎silvern

   ‎cedar + ‎-en → ‎cedarn

   ‎leather + ‎-en → ‎leathern

   ‎copper + ‎-en → ‎coppern

   ‎paper + ‎-en → ‎papern

   ‎brick + ‎-en → ‎bricken

   ‎board + ‎-en → ‎boarden

   ‎tree + ‎-en → ‎treen

   ‎hemp + ‎-en → ‎hempen

   Orphan examples:

   ‎line (“flax”) + ‎-en → ‎linen

派生語

語源 5

From Middle English -en, from 古期英語 -en, from the neuter form of -en₄.

接尾辞

-en

2. Used to form the diminutives of certain nouns.

   ‎chick + ‎-en → ‎chicken

   ‎maid + ‎-en → ‎maiden

   ‎smitch, smidge + ‎-en → ‎smidgen

派生語

参考

• -ock
• -ling

語源 6

From Middle English -en, a blending of 古期英語 infinitives -an and -n, from Proto-Germanic *-aną; and 古期英語 -on and -en, the indicative and subjunctive past tense plural endings of verbs.

接尾辞

-en

2. (obsolete) Used to form the infinitive of verbs.
   • c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, かつ the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):

     The Sonne compell'd, beene Butcher to the Sire […]

   • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “(please specify the book)”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

     As gentle Shepheard in sweete euen-tide, When ruddy Phoebus gins to welke in west, High on an hill, his flocke to vewen wide […]

   • c. 1607–1608, William Shakeſpeare, The Late, And much admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. […], London: Imprinted at London for Henry Goſſon,  […], published 1609, →OCLC, [Act II, (please specify the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals)]:

     From others' labours; for though he strive
     To killen bad, keep good alive;

   • 1844, William Barnes, “Bringen Wonne Gwäin O' Zundays”, in Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect:

4. (obsolete) Used to form the plural present tense of verbs.
   • 1579, Immeritô [pseudonym; Edmund Spenser], The Shepheardes Calender: […], London: […] Hugh Singleton, […], →OCLC; reprinted as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, The Shepheardes Calender […], London: John C. Nimmo, […], 1890, →OCLC:

     And when the shining sunne laugheth once,
     You deemen the spring is come attonce.
     Tho gynne you, fond flyes, the cold to scorne,
     And, crowing in pypes made of greene corne,
     You thinken to be lords of the yeare.

   • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto IV”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

     So forth they marchen in this goodly sort,
     To take the solace of the open aire,

   • c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:

     And then the whole quire hold their hips and laugh,
     And waxen in their mirth and neeze and swear
     A merrier hour was never wasted there.

   • c. 1607–1608, William Shakeſpeare, The Late, And much admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. […], London: Imprinted at London for Henry Goſſon,  […], published 1609, →OCLC, [Act II, (please specify the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals)]:

     All perishen of man, of pelf,
     Ne aught escapen but himself;

使用する際の注意点

• Having begun to fade by the 15th century, it was used in Early Modern English primarily to show archaic or rustic speech.
• The weakening and loss of the marker caused some verbs to blend with verbs marked by Etymology 3; for example, Middle English leren (“to teach”) blended with lernen (“to learn”), which resulted in learn having a (dialectal) double meaning.

参照

アナグラム

• -ne-, NE, Ne., ne, ne., né, nê

発音

• IPA^(key): /en/

語源 1

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īną.

接尾辞

-en

1. (causes i-mutation) used to create diminutive neuter nouns

   ‎mæġeþ (“girl”) + ‎-en → ‎mæġden (“girl,” originally “little girl”)

   ‎cocc (“rooster”) + ‎-en → ‎ċycen, ċicen (“chick”)

   ‎broþ (“broth, brewing”) + ‎-en → ‎bryþen (“brewing, drink”)

語形変化

Neuter

語源 2

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ini, from Proto-Germanic *-inī.

別の表記

• -in

接尾辞

-en

2. (often causes i-mutation) used to create feminine nouns from other nouns

   ‎god (“(male) god”) + ‎-en → ‎gyden (“goddess”) (with i-mutation)

   ‎þēow (“(male) servant”) + ‎-en → ‎þiewen (“female servant”) (without i-mutation)

語形変化

Feminine

派生語

語源 3

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.

接尾辞

-en

1. (causes i-mutation) adjectival suffix meaning "material made of, consisting of”, also sometimes “characteristic of”.

   ‎gold (“gold”) + ‎-en → ‎gylden (“golden”)

   ‎ātor (“poison”) + ‎-en → ‎ǣtren (“venomous, poisonous”)

   ‎stān (“stone”) + ‎-en → ‎stǣnen (“stonen”)

   ‎āc (“oak”) + ‎-en → ‎ǣcen (“oaken”)

   ‎trēow (“tree”) + ‎-en → ‎triewen (“wooden”)

   ‎līn (“flax”) + ‎-en → ‎līnen (“linen”)

   ‎sǣ (“sea”) + ‎-en → ‎sǣn (“marine”)

   ‎fæder (“father”) + ‎-en → ‎fæderen (“paternal”)

語形変化

派生した語

• Middle English: -en
  • English: -en
  • Scots: -en, -in

語源 4

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-an, from Proto-Germanic *-anaz.

接尾辞

-en

1. (verbal suffix) past participle ending of strong verbs

   ġecumen ― come

   ġecorfen ― carved

   ġeswōgen ― swooned

語源 5

Proto-Germanic *-an, from Proto-Germanic *-an-.

接尾辞

-en

1. (adjective suffix) meaning belonging to or characterised by

   ‎tungol (“star”) + ‎-en → ‎tunglen (“of the stars, sidereal, starry”)

   ‎fæder (“father”) + ‎-en → ‎fæderen (“paternal, of a father”)

   ‎hund (“dog, hound”) + ‎-en → ‎hunden (“canine”)

語源 6

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *-īni, from Proto-Germanic *-īniz. Sometimes with geminate -nn-, probably due to confusion with the feminine suffix from *-inī.

接尾辞

-en

1. (causes i-mutation) forms nouns from class 1 weak verbs

   ‎byrgan (“to bury”) + ‎-en → ‎byrgen (“burying, grave”)

   ‎sellan (“to give, grant”) + ‎-en → ‎selen (“giving, gift”)

   ‎þicgan (“to take, accept”) + ‎-en → ‎þigen (“taking”) (inflected as strong かつ weak)

語源

From Middle English en- (“en-, in-”). Originally from Old French en- (also an-), from Latin in- (“in, into”); but also from an alteration of in-, from Middle English in-, from 古期英語 in- (“in, into”), from Proto-Germanic *in (“in”). Both the Latin and the Germanic forms are from Proto-Indo-European *en (“in, into”). Intensive use of Old French en-, an- is due to confluence with Frankish *an- (intensive prefix), related to 古期英語 on- (intensive prefix). More at in-, on-.

発音

• IPA^(key): /ɪn-/, /ən-/, /ɛn-/

接頭辞

en-

1. Forms a transitive verb whose meaning is to make the attached adjective
   1. in, into
   2. on, onto

      embark

   3. covered

      embalm

2. caused
3. an intensifier

使用する際の注意点

• Before the labial consonants b and p, the form em- is used instead, a result of assimilation of place of articulation.

同意語

• (in): in-, intra-, em-/im-, end-/endo-/ento-
• (on): on-, epi-, super-, supra-, sur-, hyper-

反意語

• (in): out-, ex-, exo-, ecto-
• (on): out-, ab-, apo-, de-, away, off

派生語

参考

アナグラム

• -ne-, NE, Ne., ne, ne., né, nê