英和和英

接頭辞

to-

1. (no longer productive) apart, away, asunder, in pieces; expressing separation, negation, or intensity.
   1. (no longer productive) Parting: forming verbs that involve cleaving, breaking, or sundering.

      tocrack is to crack, togrind is to grind or break to pieces, torend is to rend to pieces

   2. (no longer productive) To do excessively.

      tobeat is to beat excessively, topinch is to pinch severely, toquake is to quake or tremble exceedingly, toruffle is to ruffle excessively

   3. (no longer productive) Completely.

      tobruise is to completely beat or batter, toreave is to remove completely, torob is to steal completely, toshend is to ruin completely

   4. (no longer productive) Moving.

      tolug is to pull about, towind is to whirl around

派生語

関連する語

• all to

語源 2

From to.

接頭辞

to-

1. Used in various ways to indicate temporality:
   1. Current, the current form of the suffixed time. Forming nouns.

      today as a current day or date, tonight as the nighttime of the current day, tosol as the current sol (Martian day)

   2. On (this) time, which is a fixed point in time. Forming adverbs.

      today as on the current day or date, tomorrow as on the day after the present day, tomorn as on the morning

   3. During the suffixed time. Forming adverbs.

      today as the day which is currently happening, tonight as during the evening of today, toyear as during the year

   4. Of, as characteristic of the suffixed time period. Forming adverbs and adjectives.

      today as current and up to date, together as coherent and well-organized

   5. At, at the suffixed time. Forming an unfixed point in time, rather than a duration.

      tomorrow as at some point in the future, tofall as the end or decline, together as at the same time, in the same place

2. Adding, additional in quantity.

   to-bread is an extra loaf added by bakers to every dozen, to-name is a name added to another name

3. Toward in direction or location.

   to-draw is a resort to which one is drawn, tofall is a shed or building with a roof formed in a single slope with the top resting against the wall, together is to gather into one place or thing

派生語

参照

“to-”, in OED Online ⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, launched 2000.

参考

アナグラム

• OT, ot-

語源

From Proto-West Germanic *tō-, *twiʀ-, from Proto-Germanic *twiz-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwís. Cognate with Old Frisian ti-, te-, Old Saxon te-, Old High German zi-, zir-, zar-, zur- (German zer-), Gothic 𐌳𐌹𐍃- (dis-), and with Latin dis-.

発音

• IPA: /ˈtoː/ (as a nominal prefix)
• IPA: /toː/ (as a verbal prefix)

接頭辞

tō-

1. verbal prefix with a sense of "in pieces, apart, asunder", or with intensive force

   tefeallan, tōfeallan ― to fall apart

   titwǣman, tōtwǣman ― to separate

   tetorfian, tōtorfian ― to toss about

2. used to form substantives from other nouns

   tōtalu ― reputation

   tōsprǣċ ― conversation

使用する際の注意点

• The prefix has two basic forms: stressed (tō-) and unstressed (te-, ti-). Originally, the unstressed formed verbs, and the stressed formed other derivatives (nouns, adverbs, etc). This distinction was blurred in later Old English where the stressed form came to be used for both.

派生語

別の表記

• toe-, tou-, ta-, te-, tu-, tuo-, two-, tow-

接頭辞

to-

1. Affixed to verbs and verb inflections to impart a sense of motion, directionality and/or extension.
2. Affixed to adjectives, adverbs and prepositions to impart a sense of approach, extension and/or proximity.
3. (rare) Affixed to nouns to impart a sense of motion, directionality and/or extension.

派生語

派生した語

• English: to-

参照

• “tọ̄̆-, pref.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 9 April 2018.

語源 2

From 古期英語 tō-, te- (“apart, asunder”).

別の表記

• te-, tu-

接頭辞

to-

1. Appended to verbs and nouns to impart a sense of separation and/or departure.
2. Appended to verbs and nouns to intensify or emphasise the meaning.

派生語

派生した語

• English: to-

参照

• “tọ̄̆-, pref. (2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 9 April 2018.

接尾辞

-tō (present infinitive -tāre, perfect active -tāvī, supine -tātum); first conjugation

1. Forms frequentative verbs from existing verbs. In Latin, this means repeated or intense action. For examples, see here.

使用する際の注意点

This suffix is one of many (including -tus, -tor, -tiō, -tim, -tō, -tūra) that all use the same verb stem as the supine, perfect passive participle, and/or future active participle, found in the verb's fourth principal part. This stem is conventionally considered to end in -t- (or for some verbs, -s-), which would imply analyzing the suffixes as -us, -or, -io, -im, etc. However, from an etymological perspective it is more accurate to identify -t-/-s- as the initial consonant of these suffixes.

• Most 1st conjugation verbs attach -t- after the theme vowel -ā-: e.g. amō, amātor, but a few form this principal part differently: e.g. secō > sectiō. Similarly, many 4th conjugation verbs use -ī-t-, but some use other formations, e.g. saliō > saltō.
• 2nd conjugation verbs are less consistent. Many use -i-t- (moneō, monitor); some attach -t- after the final consonant of the root (doceō > doctor); a considerable number lack this principal part. Monosyllabic stems use -ē-t-: ex-pleō (stem plē-) > explētiō.
• Many 3rd conjugation verbs (and some 1st, 2nd and 4th) attach -t- directly after a consonant, which can cause complex changes. When -t- is placed after -t- or -d-, the consonants merge to -ss- (simplified to -s- if not preceded by short vowel): metō > messor, caedo > caesūra. Occasionally -s- is used after other consonants: curro > cursim, mergo > mersō. Before -t-, -b- -g- are regularly devoiced to -p- -c-: scrībō > scrīptor; frīgō > frīctus. The addition of -t- can be accompanied by various other changes, including vowel shortening, vowel lengthening, consonant insertion, or consonant deletion.

See this page for a more complete analysis. This suffix is not used for first conjugation verbs, the variant -itō appears there instead.

Conjugation

The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.

派生語

• -itō
• -titō