over-とは

意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (Received 発音) IPA^(key): /ˈəʊvə/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /ˈoʊvɚ/

接頭辞

over-

1. above, or higher

   overbar, overlook

2. superior

   overlord

3. excessively

   overkind, overloud, overstate

4. surrounding or covering

   overcoat, overpaint

5. (augmentative) intensely, extremely, or exceptional

使用する際の注意点

Comparison of relative combinations (two separate words, hyphenated または a single compound word) does not easily fit a pattern; terms become compound words as they are broadly accepted.

同意語

• (excessively): hyper-, ultra-
• (augmentative): super-, supra-, hyper-, ultra-, uber-, macro-, arch-, mega-, giga-, -zilla, grand

派生語

アナグラム

• -vore, Vore, rove, vore

発音

• (英国発音) IPA^(key): /ˈəʊ.və(ɹ)/
• (米国発音) enPR: ō'vər, IPA^(key): /ˈoʊ.vɚ/
• 韻: -əʊvə(ɹ)
• ハイフネーション: o‧ver

語源 1

From Middle English over, from 古期英語 ofer, from Proto-Germanic *uber (“over”), from Proto-Indo-European *upér, a comparative form of *upo; akin to Dutch over, German ober, über, Danish over, Norwegian over, Swedish över, Icelandic yfir, Faroese yvir, Gothic �������� (ufar), Latin super, Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Albanian upri (“group of peasants”), Sanskrit उपरि (upári).

形容詞

over (not comparable)

1. Discontinued; ended or concluded.

   The show is over.

使用する際の注意点

Not normally used attributively (before a noun). (Attributive use occurs まれに in informal language, e.g. "an over relationship".)

派生語

• game over
• overness

副詞

over (not comparable)

1. Thoroughly; completely; from beginning to end.

   Let's talk over the project at tomorrow's meeting.

   Let me think that over.

   I'm going to look over our department's expenses.

   • 1661, John Fell, The Life of the most learned, reverend and pious Dr. H. Hammond

     During the whole time of his abode in the university he generally spent thirteen hours of the day in study; by which assiduity besides an exact dispatch of the whole course of philosophy, he read over in a manner all classic authors that are extant […]

2. (often in compounds) To an excessive degree; overly.
   • 1934, Agatha Christie, chapter 12, in Murder on the Orient Express, London: HarperCollins, published 2017, page 158:

     She seemed a placid creature altogether - eminently respectable - perhaps not over intelligent.

3. From an upright position to a horizontal one.

   He tipped the bottle over, and the water came gushing out.

   That building just fell over!

   He bent over to touch his toes.

4. Horizontally; left to right or right to left.

   Slide the toilet-paper dispenser's door over when one roll is empty in order to reveal the other.

   I moved over to make room for him to sit down.

5. From one side of something to another, passing above it.

   The fence is too high. I don't think I'll be able to get over.

6. From one position or state to another.

   Please pass that over to me.

   He came over to our way of thinking on the new project.

   Come over and play!

   I'll bring over a pizza.

7. Overnight (throughout the night).

   We stayed over at Grandma's.

   Can I sleep over?

8. (US, usually with do) Again; another time; once more; over again.

   I lost my paper and I had to do the entire assignment over.

派生語

• leftover

名詞

over (複数形 overs)

1. (cricket) A set of six legal balls bowled.
   • 2019 July 14, Stephan Shemilt, “England win Cricket World Cup: Ben Stokes stars in dramatic finale against New Zealand”, in BBC Sport‎^[1], London:

     In an emotional and electric atmosphere at Lord's, both sides scored 241 in their 50 overs and were level on 15 when they batted for an extra over apiece.

2. Any surplus amount of money, goods delivered, etc.
   • 2008, G. Puttick, Sandy van Esch, The Principles and Practice of Auditing (page 609)

     […] standard cash count forms used to record the count and any overs or unders.

前置詞

over

1. Expressing spatial relationship.
   1. On top of; above; higher than; further up.

      Hold the sign up over your head.

      • 1858 October 16, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, “The Courtship of Miles Standish”, in The Courtship of Miles Standish, and Other Poems, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, OCLC 51433663:

        Over them gleamed far off the crimson banners of morning.

      • 2013 September-October, Henry Petroski, “The Evolution of Eyeglasses”, in American Scientist:

        The ability of a segment of a glass sphere to magnify whatever is placed before it was known around the year 1000, when the spherical segment was called a reading stone, […] . Scribes, illuminators, and scholars held such stones directly over manuscript pages as an aid in seeing what was being written, drawn, or read.

   2. Across or spanning.

      There is a bridge over the river.

      I looked out over the sea.

      • 1913, Joseph C. Lincoln, chapter 3, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:

        My hopes wa'n't disappointed. I never saw clams thicker than they was along them inshore flats. I filled my dreener in no time, and then it come to me that 'twouldn't be a bad idee to get a lot more, take 'em with me to Wellmouth, and peddle 'em out. Clams was fairly scarce over that side of the bay and ought to fetch a fair price.

      • 1918, Dora Sigerson Shorter, Sick I Am and Sorrowful

        If I saw the wild geese fly over the dark lakes of Kerry...

      • 2013 June 29, “A punch in the gut”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, page 72-3:

        Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism.

   3. In such a way as to cover.

      Drape the fabric over the table.

      There is a roof over the house.

   4. From one physical position to another via an obstacle that must be traversed vertically, first upwards and then downwards.

      The dog jumped over the fence.

      I'll go over [the fence] first and then help you.

      Let's walk over the hill to get there.

2. Expressing comparison.
   1. More than; to a greater degree.

      I prefer the purple over the pink.

   2. Beyond; past; exceeding; too much or too far.

      I think I’m over my limit for calories for today.

   3. (in certain collocations) As compared to.

      Sales are down this quarter over last.

3. Indicating relative status, authority, or power

   The owner's son lorded it over the experienced managers.

   The prince ruled over a portion of the kingdom.

4. (mathematics) Divided by.

   Two over six equals one over three.

5. (poker) Separates the three of a kind from the pair in a full house.

   9♦9♠9♣6♥6♠ = nines over sixes

6. Finished with; done with; from one state to another via a hindrance that must be solved or defeated; or via a third state that represents a significant difference from the first two.

   We got over the engineering problems and the prototype works great.

   I am over my cold and feel great again.

   I know the referee made a bad call, but you have to get over it [your annoyance with the referee's decision].

   She is finally over [the distress of] losing her job.

   He is finally over his [distress over the loss of the relationship with his] ex-girlfriend.

7. While using, especially while consuming.
   • 1990, Seymour Chatman, Coming to Terms, Cornell, →ISBN, page 100[2]:

     Six diners in business clothes—five attractive young women and a balding middle-aged man—relax over cigarettes.

   • 1998, Marian Swerdlow, Underground Woman, Temple, →ISBN, page 88 [3]:

     Sunday had been my favorite day at Woodlawn. A long W.A.A. [="work as assigned" period], having coffee and croissants with Mark over the Sunday Times.

   • 2009, Sara Pennypacker, The Great Egyptian Grave Robbery, Scholastic, →ISBN, page 79:

     Over meatloaf and mashed potatoes (being careful not to talk with his mouth full), Stanley told about his adventure.

8. Concerning or regarding.

   The two boys had a fight over whose girlfriend was the best.

   • 2013 August 10, “Can China clean up fast enough?”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8848:

     It has jailed environmental activists and is planning to limit the power of judicial oversight by handing a state-approved body a monopoly over bringing environmental lawsuits.

9. Above, implying superiority after a contest; in spite of; notwithstanding.

   We triumphed over difficulties.

   The bill was passed over the veto.

   It was a fine victory over their opponents.

使用する際の注意点

When used in the context of "from one location to another", over implies that the two places are at approximately the same height or the height difference is not relevant. For example, if two offices are on the same floor of a building, an office worker might say I'll bring that over for you, while if the offices were on different floors, the sentence would likely be I'll bring that up [down] for you. However, distances are not constrained, e.g. He came over from England last year and now lives in Los Angeles or I moved the stapler over to the other side of my desk.

派生語

• ride roughshod over

間投詞

over

1. (procedure word, military) A radio procedure word meaning that the station is finished with its transmission and is expecting a response.

   Bravo Six, this is Bravo Six Four. Stand by for ten mike report one dash three, over.

   Bravo Six Four, this is Bravo Six Actual. Send your traffic, over.

   How do you receive? Over!

等位語

• out

派生語

• over and out

動詞

over (三人称単数 現在形 overs, 現在分詞 overing, 過去形および過去分詞形 overed)

1. (Britain, transitive, dialect, obsolete) To go over, or jump over.

   He overed the fence in good style.

2. (Britain, intransitive, dialect, obsolete) To run about.

   The cattle have been overing all day because of the flies.

関連する語

参照

• Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans, "The semantic network for over", in The Semantics of English Prepositions: Spatial Scenes, Embodied Meaning and Cognition, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 0-521-81430 8

語源 2

From Middle English over (“riverbank, seashore, brink”), from 古期英語 ōfer (“riverbank, seashore, brink, edge, margin, border”), from Proto-Germanic *ōferaz. Cognate with Dutch oever (“riverbank, shore”), German Ufer (“shore, shoreline, riverbank”), Low German Över (“shore, riverbank”).

名詞

over (複数形 overs)

1. (rare, dialectal or obsolete) A shore, riverbank.

   The sea's over.

   • 1338, Robert Mannyng, Mannyng's Chronicle

     Cassibola was ready at Dover, & renged (encamped) his men by the over.

使用する際の注意点

Now mostly found in place names, as in Westover or Overton, Hampshire (a town built on the River Test). Fell out of use in the 16th century.

参照

• A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
• The Middle English Dictionary

アナグラム

• -vore, Vore, rove, vore

Latin

動詞

over

1. first-person singular present passive subjunctive of ovō