approach;の英語

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /əˈpɹəʊt͡ʃ/
• (General American) IPA: /əˈpɹoʊt͡ʃ/
• 韻: -əʊtʃ
• ハイフネーション: ap‧proach

語源 1

From 中期英語 aprochen, borrowed from Old French aprochier (modern French approcher), from Late Latin appropiāre, a verb based on Latin prope (“near”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pro- (a variant of *per- (“before, in front; first”)) + *-kʷe (“suffix forming distributives from interrogatives”)).

動詞

approach (third-person singular simple present approaches, present participle approaching, simple past and past participle approached)

1. (intransitive) To come or go near, in place or time; to move toward; to advance nearer; to draw nigh.

   She approached the door cautiously.

   We were approached by a stranger asking for directions.

   The deadline is fast approaching.

   • c. 1603–1606 (date written), [William Shakespeare], […] His True Chronicle Historie of the Life and Death of King Lear and His Three Daughters. […] (First Quarto), London: […] Nathaniel Butter, […], published 1608, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:

     Approach thou beacon [the Sun] to this vnder gloabe,
     That by thy comfortable beames I may
     Peruſe this letter, nothing almoſt ſees my wracke
     But miſerie.

   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Samuel 11:20, column 2:

     And if ſo be that the kings wrath ariſe, and hee ſay vnto thee, wherefore approched ye ſo nigh vnto the city when yee did fight? Knew yee not that they would ſhoot from the wall?

   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Hebrews 10:24–25, column 1:

     And let vs conſider one another to prouoke vnto loue, and to good workes: Not forſaking the aſſembling of ourſelues together, as the manner of ſome is: but exhorting one another, and ſo much the more, as ye ſee the day approching.

   • 1843 December 19, Charles Dickens, “Stave I. Marley’s Ghost.”, in A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, pages 35–36:

     It beckoned Scrooge to approach, which he did. When they were within two paces of each other, Marley's Ghost held up its hand, warning him to come no nearer. Scrooge stopped.

   • 1947 January and February, O. S. Nock, “"The Aberdonian" in Wartime”, in Railway Magazine, page 7:

     The descent continues, still more steeply to Dundee (Tay Bridge), and approaching from the bridge itself this sharp descent gives the curious appearance that the station is below the level of the firth.

2. (intransitive, golf, tennis) To play an approach shot.
3. (ambitransitive, figuratively) Used intransitively, followed by to: to draw near (to someone or something); to make advances; to approximate or become almost equal.

   He approaches to the character of the ablest statesman.

   • 1824 January, Tristram Merton [pseudonym; Thomas Babington Macaulay], “Criticisms on the Principal Italian Writers. No. I. Dante.”, in [Charles Knight], editor, Knight’s Quarterly Magazine, volume II, number I, London: […] [William Clowes] for Charles Knight, […], →OCLC, page 215:

     The great source, as it appears to me, of the power of the Divine Comedy [by Dante Alighieri], is the strong belief with which the story seems to be told. In this respect, the only books which approach to its excellence are Gulliver's Travels and Robinson Crusoe.

   • 1839, Samuel Laing, chapter IX, in A Tour in Sweden in 1838; Comprising Observations on the Moral, Political, and Economical State of the Swedish Nation, London: […] [Andrew Spottiswoode] for Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans, […], →OCLC, page 371:

     Without these incentives to industry the Norwegian would be like the Laplander, without industry and civilisation; and the nearer he approaches to the beau idéal of those political economists—to the state of being without a taste for these foreign and expensive luxuries—the nearer he approaches to the condition of the Laplander in the comforts and enjoyments of life.

4. (transitive, rarely intransitive) Of an immovable object or a number of such objects: to be positioned as to (notionally) appear to be moving towards (a place).

   As we drove along the driveway, the trees approaching the house seemed more eerie.

   • 1712 September 17 (Gregorian calendar), [Joseph Addison], “SATURDAY, September 6, 1712”, in The Spectator, number 477; republished in Alexander Chalmers, editor, The Spectator; a New Edition, […], volume V, New York, N.Y.: D[aniel] Appleton & Company, 1853, →OCLC, page 351:

     [T]here appears a seeming mount, made up of trees rising one higher than another, in proportion as they approach the centre.

     The spelling has been modernized.

5. (transitive, also figuratively) To move toward (someone or something) in place, time, character, or value; to draw nearer to.

   “Would counsel please approach the bench?” asked the judge.

   He approached the age of manhood.

   • c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iii], page 137, column 2:

     Approch the Chamber, and deſtroy your ſight
     With a new Gorgon.

   • a. 1700 (date written), William Temple, “Some Thoughts upon Reviewing the Essay of Antient and Modern Learning”, in Miscellanea. The Third Part. […], London: […] Jonathan Swift, […] Benjamin Tooke, […], published 1701, →OCLC, page 223:

     He [Empedocles] was an admirable Poet, and thought even to have approached Homer, in a Poem he writ of Natural Philoſophy; [...]

   • 1719 May 6 (Gregorian calendar), [Daniel Defoe], The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, […], London: […] W[illiam] Taylor […], →OCLC, pages 190–191:

     […] I ſtuck all the Ground without my Wall, for a great way every way, as full with Stakes or Sticks of the Osier-like Wood, which I found ſo apt to grow, as they could well ſtand; inſomuch, that I believe I might ſet in near twenty thouſand of them, leaving a pretty large Space between them and my Wall, that I might have room to ſee an Enemy, and they might have no ſhelter from the young Trees, if they attempted to approach my outer Wall.

   • 1831, John James Audubon, “The American Redstart. Muscicapa Ruticilla, Linn. […]”, in Ornithological Biography, or An Account of the Habits of the Birds of the United States of America; […], Edinburgh: Adam Black, […], →OCLC, page 234:

     When one approaches the nest of this species, the male exhibits the greatest anxiety respecting its safety, passes and repasses, fluttering and snapping its bill within a few feet, as if determined to repel the intruder.

   • 1838, Boz [pseudonym; Charles Dickens], “And Last”, in Oliver Twist; […], volume III, London: Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC, page 309:

     Mr. Brownlow adopted Oliver as his own son, and removing with him and the old housekeeper to within a mile of the parsonage house, where his dear friends resided, he gratified the only remaining wish of Oliver's warm and earnest heart, and thus linked together a little society, whose condition approached as nearly to one of perfect happiness as can ever be known in this changing world.

   • 1895–1897, H[erbert] G[eorge] Wells, “The Eve of the War”, in The War of the Worlds, London: William Heinemann, published 1898, →OCLC, book I (The Coming of the Martians), page 3:

     The secular cooling that must some day overtake our planet has already gone far indeed with our neighbour [Mars]. Its physical condition is still largely a mystery, but we know now that even in its equatorial region the mid-day temperature barely approaches that of our coldest winter.

   • 1904, William Anthony Granville, “Theory of Limits”, in Percey F[ranklyn] Smith, editor, Elements of the Differential and Integral Calculus, Boston, Mass.; New York, N.Y.: Ginn & Company, →OCLC, paragraph 29 (Limit of a Variable), page 19:

     If a variable ${\displaystyle v}$ takes on successively a series of values that approach nearer and nearer to a constant value ${\displaystyle l}$ in such a manner that ${\displaystyle |v-l|}$ [Footnote: To be read the numerical value of the difference between ${\displaystyle v}$ and ${\displaystyle l}$] becomes and remains less than any assigned arbitrarily small positive quantity, then ${\displaystyle v}$ is said to approach the limit ${\displaystyle l}$, or to converge to the limit ${\displaystyle l}$. Symbolically this is written ${\displaystyle \operatorname {limit} v=l}$.

6. (transitive) To bring (something) near something else; to cause (something) to draw near.
   • 1821 January 8, [Walter Scott], chapter X, in Kenilworth; a Romance. […], volume I, Edinburgh: […] Archibald Constable and Co.; and John Ballantyne, […]; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co., →OCLC, page 263:

     "My story is not long," said the artist; "but your honour had better sit while you listen to it." So saying, he approached to the fire a three-footed stool, and took another himself, […]

7. (transitive, mathematical analysis) Used when defining limits, preceded by as: To become arbitrarily close to some value, be it a number, vector or infinity and have an effect on another value.
8. (transitive) To attempt to make (a policy) or solve (a problem).
   • 1922 September, F[rancis] Scott Fitzgerald, “O Russet Witch!”, in Tales of the Jazz Age, New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner’s Sons, →OCLC, part II, pages 243–244:

     Mr. Moonlight Quill, mysterious, exotic, and oriental in temperament was, nevertheless, a man of decision. And it was with decision that he approached the problem of his wrecked shop.

9. (transitive) To bring up or propose to (someone) an idea, question, request, etc.
   • 1987, Dinesh Vaghela, “Publisher’s Note”, in Uppaluri Gopala Krishnamurti, edited by Terry Newland, Mind is a Myth: Disquieting Conversations with the Man Called U. G., Vallabhvidyanagar, Gujarat: Crest Associates, →OCLC, page 7:

     "Why bother publishing my conversations. It has not helped you, and it is not going to help anybody else", said U. G. when I approached him with the idea of publishing excerpts from his conversations with the constant stream of people who go to visit him.

10. (transitive, archaic, euphemistic) To have sexual intercourse with (someone).

    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:copulate

    • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Leviticus 18:6, column 1:

      None of you ſhall approche to any that is neere of kinne to him, to vncouer their nakedneſſe: I am the Lord.

11. (transitive, military) To take approaches to (a place); to move towards (a place) by using covered roads, trenches, or other works.

使用する際の注意点

Regarding the use of sense 5 (“to come near to (someone or something) in place, time, character, or value”) in discussing convergence in mathematical analysis, modern rigorous formulations avoid using the words approach and converge. However, the terms are used informally when rigour is not required.

派生語

語源 2

From 中期英語 approche (“approach, arrival”), from approchen, aprochen (“to come or go near, approach; to adjoin, be close by; to enter (someone’s) presence; to be or become involved; to reach (a certain state); to arrive; to befall, happen to; to become similar to, resemble; to be a match for (someone)”); see etymology 1.

名詞

approach (plural approaches)

1. (also figuratively) An act of drawing near in place or time; an advancing or coming near.
   • 1591 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Second Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies. […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iii], page 136, column 2:

     Ah, what a ſigne it is of euill life,
     Where death's approach is ſeene ſo terrible.

   • c. 1595–1596 (date written), W. Shakespere [i.e., William Shakespeare], A Pleasant Conceited Comedie Called, Loues Labors Lost. […] (First Quarto), London: […] W[illiam] W[hite] for Cut[h]bert Burby, published 1598, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:

     Nauar had notice of your faire approch.
     And he and his compettitours in oth,
     Were all addreſt to meete you gentle Lady
     Before I came: […]

   • 1719 May 6 (Gregorian calendar), [Daniel Defoe], The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, […], London: […] W[illiam] Taylor […], →OCLC, page 353:

     Theſe Things, and the Approach of Night, called us off, or elſe, as Friday would have had us, we ſhould certainly have taken the Skin of this monſtrous Creature off, which was worth ſaving; but we had near three Leagues to go, and our Guide haſten'd us; ſo we left him, and went forward on our Journey.

   • 1729, [Alexander Pope], “Book the Third”, in The Dunciad. With Notes Variorum, and the Prolegomena of Scriblerus, London: […] Lawton Gilliver […], →OCLC, pages 169–170, lines 337–338 and 345–346:

     She comes! the Cloud-compelling pow'r, behold!
     With night primæval, and with Chaos old.
     […]
     Thus at her felt approach, and ſecret might,
     Art after Art goes out, and all is Night.

   • 1811, Samuel Horsley, “Sermon I. St. James v. 8. For the coming of the Lord draweth nigh.”, in Sermons, volume I, New York, N.Y.: […] T. and J. Swords, […], →OCLC, page 10:

     The approach of summer, says our Lord, is not more surely indicated by the first appearances of spring, than the final destruction of the wicked by the beginnings of vengeance on this impenitent people.

   • 1843 December 19, Charles Dickens, “Stave I. Marley’s Ghost.”, in A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, page 6:

     "A merry Christmas, uncle! God save you!" cried a cheerful voice. It was the voice of Scrooge's nephew, who came upon him so quickly that this was the first intimation he had of his approach.

   • 1859, George Eliot [pseudonym; Mary Ann Evans], “The Hall Farm”, in Adam Bede […], volume I, Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, book first, page 130:

     There is quite a concert of noises: the great bull-dog, chained against the stables, is thrown into furious exasperation by the unwary approach of a cock too near the mouth of his kennel, and sends forth a thundering bark, which is answered by two fox-hounds shut up in the opposite cow-house; […]

2. An act of coming near in character or value; an approximation.
   • 1859 May 10, Richard Owen, “Appendix B. On the Orang, Chimpanzee, and Gorilla, with Reference to the ‘Transmutation of Species.’”, in On the Classification and Geographical Distribution of the Mammalia, […], London: John W[illiam] Parker and Son, […], →OCLC, page 85:

     The canine, judging from the figures published by M. [Édouard] Lartet, seems to be less developed than in the male chimpanzees, gorillas and orang. In which character the fossil, if it belonged to a male, makes a nearer approach to the human type; but it is one which many of the inferior monkeys also exhibit, and is by no means to be trusted as significant of true affinity, supposing even the sex of the fossil to be known as being male.

3. (also figuratively) An avenue, passage, or way by which a building or place can be approached; an access.
   • [1633], George Herbert, “Dulnesse”, in [Nicholas Ferrar], editor, The Temple. Sacred Poems, and Private Ejaculations, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: […] Thomas Buck and Roger Daniel; and are to be sold by Francis Green, […], →OCLC, page 108:

     Where are my lines then? my approaches? views?
     Where are my window-ſongs?

   • 1791, Homer, “[The Odyssey.] Book VII.”, in W[illiam] Cowper, transl., The Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, Translated into Blank Verse, […], volume II, London: […] J[oseph] Johnson, […], →OCLC, page 151, lines 100–102 and 109–112:

     […] he ſaw
     As of the ſun or moon illuming clear
     The palace of Phæacia's mighty King.
     […]
     Maſtiffs, in gold and ſilver, lined the approach
     On either ſide, by art celeſtial framed
     Of Vulcan, guardian of Alcinoüs gate
     For ever, unobnoxious to decay.

   • 1900, A[lfred] T[hayer] Mahan, “The Opening Campaign in Natal to the Investment of Ladysmith (October 11–November 2)”, in The War in South Africa: A Narrative of the Anglo-Boer War from the Beginning of Hostilities to the Fall of Pretoria, New York, N.Y.: Peter Fenelon Collier & Son, →OCLC, page 31, column 2:

     It was, therefore, natural to expect that the main attack would come from the north along the railroad, and from the east, where the approach from the Transvaal boundary, which is there marked by the Buffalo River, is over a country much more practicable than the western mountain range.

   1. (climbing) A path taken to reach the climbing area, for example, from a car park, road, etc.
4. (figuratively) A manner of making (a policy) or solving (a problem, etc.).
   • 1980 May 2, “In the Matter of Amendment of Section 64.702 of the Commission’s Rules and Regulations (Second Computer Inquiry): Final Decision”, in Federal Communications Commission Reports: Decisions and Reports of the Federal Communications Commission of the United States (Docket no. 20828; FCC 80-189), volume 76 (2nd Series), Washington, D.C., published 1982, →OCLC, section IV (Comments), paragraph 41, page 402:

     Our proposed definitional approach to the data processing-communications dilemma evoked considerable discussion. There is uniform disagreement and confusion as to the regulatory implications of the proposed definitional terms.

   • 1980 June 27, J[ames] Skelly Wright, Chief Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, “Lead Industries Association, Inc., Petitioner, v. Environmental Protection Agency, Respondent (No. 78-2201)”, in Federal Reporter […] (2nd Series), volume 647, numbers 1–3, St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co., published 1981, →OCLC, page 1136:

     Its [the United States Environmental Protection Agency's] initial approach to controlling the amount of lead in the ambient air was to limit lead emissions from automobiles by restricting the amount of lead in gasoline.

   • 1989, Congressional Research Service, “Article I: Legislative Power: Separation of Powers Limitations”, in Johnny H. Killian, George A. Costello, editors, The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation: 1988 Supplement: […] (100th Congress, 2nd Session, Senate Document; no. 100-43; United States Congressional Serial Set; no. 13854), Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 4:

     The functional approach [to separation of powers issues] emphasizes the core functions of each branch and asks whether the challenged action threatens the essential attributes of the legislative, executive, or judicial function or functions. Under this approach, there is considerable flexibility in the moving branch, usually Congress acting to make structural or institutional change, if there is little significant risk of impairment of a core function or in the case of such a risk if there is a compelling reason for the action.

5. (archaic) An opportunity of drawing near; access.
   • 1625, Francis [Bacon], “Of Ambition. XXXVI.”, in The Essayes […], 3rd edition, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC, page 221:

     Honour hath three Things in it: The Vantage Ground to doe Good: The approach to Kings and principall Persons: And the Raiſing of a Mans owne Fortunes.

   • 1726, [Jonathan Swift], Cadenus and Vanessa. A Poem, London: […] J. Roberts […], →OCLC, page 21:

     The Learned met with free Approach,
     Although they came not in a Coach.

   • 1727, [John] Gay, “Fable XVI. The Pin and the Needle.”, in Fables, 2nd edition, volume I, London: […] J[acob] Tonson and J. Watts, published 1728, →OCLC, page 1:

     Now, rais'd again from low approach,
     She [a pin] viſits in the doctor's coach;
     Here, there, by various fortune toſt,
     At laſt in Greſham hall was loſt.

   • 1851 November 14, Herman Melville, “The Doubloon”, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 479:

     Nor, though placed amongst a ruthless crew and every hour passed by ruthless hands, and through the livelong nights shrouded with thick darkness which might cover any pilfering approach, nevertheless every sunrise found the doubloon where the sunset left it last.

6. (aviation, also attributively) The way an aircraft comes in to land at an airport.
   • 2001, “Aerodynamic Factors”, in Instrument Flying Handbook 2001 (FAA-H-8083-15), Washington, D.C.: Flight Standards Service, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, →ISBN, page 2-6, column 2:

     Most small airplanes maintain a speed well in excess of 1.3 times V_SO on an instrument approach. An airplane with a stall speed of 50 knots (V_SO) has a normal approach speed of 65 knots.

   1. A specific procedure used for approaching and landing at an airport.

      We flew the RNAV/GPS A approach to runway 16.

7. (bowling) The area before the lane in which a bowler may stand or run up before bowling the ball.
8. (golf, tennis) Ellipsis of approach shot.

下位語

(aviation):

• instrument approach
• missed approach
• nonprecision approach
• precision approach
• visual approach

派生語

Collocations

参照

Further reading

• approach (disambiguation) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• “approach”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.