die.とは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• enPR: dī, IPA^(key): /daɪ/
• 韻: -aɪ
• 異形同音異義語: dye, Di, Dai, daye

語源 1

From Middle English deyen, from 古期英語 dīeġan and Old Norse deyja, both from Proto-Germanic *dawjaną (“to die”). Displaced 古期英語 sweltan, whence Modern English swelt.

動詞

die (三人称単数 現在形 dies, 現在分詞 dying, 過去形および過去分詞形 died)

1. (intransitive) To stop living; to become dead; to undergo death.
   1. followed by of; general use:

      He died of malaria.

      • 1838, Boz [pseudonym; Charles Dickens], chapter 6, in Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy’s Progress. […], volumes (please specify |volume=I, II, または III), London: Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC:

        "What did she die of, Work'us?" said Noah.
        "Of a broken heart, some of our old nurses told me," replied Oliver […] .

      • 2000, Stephen King, On Writing, Pocket Books, published 2002, page 85:

        In 1971 or 72, Mom's sister Carolyn Weimer died of breast cancer.

   2. followed by from; general use, though somewhat more common in the context of medicine or the sciences:

      He died from heart failure.

      • 1865 March 4, British Medical Journal, page 213:

        She lived several weeks; but afterwards she died from epilepsy, to which malady she had been previously subject.

      • 2007, Frank Herbert, Kevin J. Anderson, Sandworms of Dune, Tor, published 2007, page 191:

        "Or all of them will die from the plague. Even if most of the candidates succumb […] "

   3. followed by for; often expressing wider contextual motivations, though sometimes indicating direct causes:

      He died for the one he loved.

      • 1961, Joseph Heller, Catch-22, Simon & Schuster, published 1999, page 232:

        Englishmen are dying for England, Americans are dying for America, Germans are dying for Germany, Russians are dying for Russia. There are now fifty or sixty countries fighting in this war.

      • 2003, Tara Herivel, Paul Wright, editors, Prison Nation, Routledge, page 187:

        Less than three days later, Johnson lapsed into a coma in his jail cell and died for lack of insulin.

   4. (now rare) followed by with as an indication of direct cause:
      • 1598–1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, “Much Adoe about Nothing”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i]:

        Therefore let Benedicke like covered fire, / Consume away in sighes, waste inwardly: / It were a better death, to die with mockes, / Which is as bad as die with tickling.

      • 1830, Joseph Smith, The Book of Mormon, Richards, published 1854, page 337:

        And there were some who died with fevers, which at some seasons of the year was very frequent in the land.

   5. (uncommon, nonstandard outside video games) followed by to as an indication of direct cause (like from):

      I can't believe I just died to a turret!

      • 2014, S. J. Groves, The Darker Side to Dr Carter, page 437:

        Dr Thomas concluded she had died to a blow to the head, which led to a bleed on the brain, probably a fall and had hit her head hard on the wooden bedpost, as there was blood on the bedpost.

   6. (still current) followed by with as an indication of manner:

      She died with dignity.

2. (transitive) To (stop living and) undergo (a specified death).

   He died a hero's death.

   They died a thousand deaths.

   • 2019, Lou Marinoff, On Human Conflict: The Philosophical Foundations of War and Peace, Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN, page 452:

     […] he chose instead to suffer even greater personal pain, with unimaginable fortitude and resolve, albeit for a shorter time. Thus he died a small death, in order to benefit the living. Similarly, a small and voluntary death was died by Socrates.

3. (video games, slang) To lose a game.
   • 1995, “Slobzone”, in Coming Soon! magazine‎^[1] (video game review):

     Of course, Nazis are not present in this game. Instead, we have animals that will try to cover you with dirt. As soon as you get too dirty, you will die.

   Whenever my brother dies, he ragequits.

4. (intransitive, figurative) To yearn intensely.

   I'm dying for a packet of crisps.

   I'm dying for a piss.

   • 1598–1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, “Much Adoe about Nothing”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:

     Yes, and his ill conditions; and in despite of all, dies for him.

   • 2004, Paul Joseph Draus, Consumed in the city: observing tuberculosis at century's end, page 168:

     I could see that he was dying, dying for a cigarette, dying for a fix maybe, dying for a little bit of freedom, but trapped in a hospital bed and a sick body.

5. (intransitive, uncommon, idiomatic) To be or become hated or utterly ignored or cut off, as if dead.

   The day our sister eloped, she died to our mother.

   • 2015, Emily Duvall, Inclusions, page 150:

     "My dad […] beat us until we couldn't sit down." […] "What about your mother?" […] "She's alive. […] My aunt visits her once a year, but I don't ask about my mother. She died to me the day she chose my father over protecting us." Luke's voice hitched with emotion.

   • 2017, Mike Hoornstra, Descent into the Maelstrom, page 366:

     "You haven't been my son since you were ten years old. That boy died to me the day he ran away. I don't know you. You are merely a shell that resembles someone I used to know, but you are dead to me. You are the bringer of pain and death. Leave me be. Leave me with my son, Jyosh." "Mother..." Barlun pleaded.

6. (intransitive, figurative) To become spiritually dead; to lose hope.

   He died a little inside each time she refused to speak to him.

   • 2011, Ingrid Michaelson (lyrics かつ music), “Ghost”, in Human Again‎^[2]:

     Do you know that I went down / To the ground / Landed on both my broken-hearted knees... / […] I didn't even cry / 'Cause pieces of me had already died

7. (intransitive, colloquial, hyperbolic) To be mortified or shocked by a situation.

   If anyone sees me wearing this ridiculous outfit, I'll die.

8. (intransitive, figurative, hyperbolic) To be so overcome with emotion or laughter as to be incapacitated.

   When I found out my two favorite musicians would be recording an album together, I literally planned my own funeral arrangements and died.

   • 1976, an anchorman on Channel Five in California, quoted in Journal and Newsletter [of the] California Classical Association, Northern Section:

     I literally died when I saw that.

9. (intransitive, of a machine) To stop working; to break down or otherwise lose "vitality".

   My car died in the middle of the freeway this morning.

   Sorry I couldn't call you. My phone died.

   My battery died and my charger was at home.

10. (intransitive, of a computer program) To abort, to terminate (as an error condition).
11. (intransitive, of a legislative bill または resolution) To expire at the end of the session of a legislature without having been brought to a vote.

    The proposed gas tax died after the powerful rural senator refused to let it out of committee.

12. To perish; to cease to exist; to become lost or extinct.
    • 1714 September 26 (Gregorian calendar), Joseph Addison, Richard Steele [et al.], “WEDNESDAY, September 15, 1714”, in The Spectator, number 594; republished in Alexander Chalmers, editor, The Spectator; a New Edition, […], volume VI, New York, N.Y.: D[aniel] Appleton & Company, 1853, →OCLC:

      letting the secret die within his own breast

    • 1847, Alfred Tennyson, “(please specify the page number, または |part=Prologue, I to VII, または conclusion)”, in The Princess: A Medley, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC:

      Great deeds cannot die.

13. To sink; to faint; to pine; to languish, with weakness, discouragement, love, etc.
    • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 1 Samuel 25:37:

      But it came to passe in the morning, when the wine was gone out of Nabal, and his wife had told him these things, that his heart died within him, and he became as a stone.

    • 1965, Darby Slick, “Somebody to Love”, in Surrealistic Pillow‎^[3], performed by Jefferson Airplane, published 1967:

      When the truth is found to be lies / And all the joy within you dies / Don't you want somebody to love? / Don't you need somebody to love?

14. (often with "to") To become indifferent; to cease to be subject.

    to die to pleasure or to sin

15. (architecture) To disappear gradually in another surface, as where mouldings are lost in a sloped or curved face.
16. To become vapid, flat, or spiritless, as liquor.
17. (of a stand-up comedian または a joke) To fail to evoke laughter from the audience.

    Then there was that time I died onstage in Montreal...

使用する際の注意点

• In Middle and Early Modern English, the phrase is dead was more common where the present perfect form has died is common today. Example:

1611, King James Bible

I do not frustrate the grace of God: for if righteousness come by the law, then Christ is dead in vain. (Gal. 2:21)

Conjugation

同意語

• (to stop living): bite the dust, bite the big one, buy the farm, check out, code, cross over, cross the river, decompose, dematerialize, expire, succumb, give up the ghost, pass, pass away, pass on, be no more, meet one's maker, be a stiff, push up the daisies, hop off the twig, kick the bucket, shuffle off this mortal coil, join the choir invisible
• See also Thesaurus:die

派生語

関連する語

• dead
• death

派生した語

• → Vietnamese: đai

語源 2

A pair of common dice with six sides each.

Various dice with different numbers of sides and distributions of values.

Dies (sense 6) on a wafer.

From Middle English dee, from Old French de (Modern French dé), from Latin datum, from datus (“given”), the past participle of dō (“to give”), from Proto-Indo-European *deh₃- (“to lay out, to spread out”). Doublet of datum.

名詞

die (複数形 dies)

1. The cubical part of a pedestal; a plinth.
2. A device for cutting into a specified shape.
3. A device used to cut an external screw thread. (Internal screw threads are cut with a tap.)
4. A mold for forming metal or plastic objects.
5. An embossed device used in stamping coins and medals.
7. (semiconductors, 複数形 also dice) An oblong chip fractured from a semiconductor wafer engineered to perform as an independent device or integrated circuit.
   • 2002, John L. Hennessy, David A. Patterson, Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 19:

     The number of dies per wafer is basically the area of the wafer divided by the area of the die.

   • 2009, Paul R. Gray, Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits, 5th edition, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 159:

     Once the wafer has undergone the wafer-probe test, it is separated into individual dice by sawing or scribing and breaking. The dice are visually inspected, sorted, and readied for assembly into packages.

8. Any small cubical or square body.
   • 1741, I[saac] Watts, The Improvement of the Mind: Or, A Supplement to the Art of Logick: […], London: […] James Brackstone, […], →OCLC:

     Some young creatures have learnt their letters and syllables, and the pronouncing and spelling of words, by having them pasted or written upon many little flat tablets or dies.

名詞

die (plural dice or (一般的ではない用法) dies)

1. An isohedral polyhedron, usually a cube, with numbers or symbols on each side and used in games of chance.

   Most dice are six-sided.

   I rolled the die and moved 2 spaces on the board.

   • 1748, [David Hume], “Of Probability”, in Philosophical Essays Concerning Human Understanding, London: […] A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, page 94:

     If a Dye were mark’d with one Figure or Number of Spots on four Sides, and with another Figure or Number of Spots on the two remaining Sides, ’twould be more probable, that the former ſhould turn up than the latter;

   • 2000, Richard Shoup, edited by Barry Lenson, Take Control Of Your Life: How to Control Fate, Luck, Chaos, Karma, and Life’s Other Unruly Forces, McGraw-Hill, →ISBN, page 42:

     When you roll two dies—or three, or four—the odds of obtaining a specific number becomes complex in a logarithmic progression.

   • 2012, Rinaldo B. Schinazi, “Probability Space”, in Probability with Statistical Applications, 2nd edition, Birkhäuser, →ISBN, “Independent Events”, “Exercises”, page 16:

     We roll two dies repeatedly until we get the first double.

   • 2014, Ionut Florescu, Ciprian A. Tudor, Handbook of Probability, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., →ISBN:

     Roll two dies 24 times. What is the probability of rolling at least one double 6?

   • 2017 December 8, “Adorable Kitten”, in Unstable, Wizards of the Coast:

     When this creature enters the battlefield, roll a six-sided die. You gain life equal to the result.

2. (obsolete) That which is, or might be, determined, by a throw of the die; hazard; chance.
   • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto V”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 13, page 249:

     […] For th'equall die of warre he well did know.

使用する際の注意点

The game of dice is singular. Thus in "Dice is a game played with dice," the first occurrence is singular, the second occurrence is plural. See also the usage notes under "dice".

同意語

• cube of chance
• cube of fortune

派生語

語源 3

Variant spelling.

名詞

die (複数形 dies)

1. Obsolete spelling of dye
   • 1749, Henry Fielding, Tom Jones:

     He hath carried his friendship to this man to a blameable length, by too long concealing facts of the blackest die.

動詞

die (三人称単数 現在形 dies, 現在分詞 dying, 過去形および過去分詞形 died)

1. Obsolete spelling of dye
   • 1739, John Cay, An abridgment of the publick statutes in force and use from Magna Charta, in the ninth year of King Henry III, to the eleventh year of his present Majesty King George II, inclusive, Drapery, XXVII. Sect. 16:

     Also no dyer shall die any cloth, except he die the cloth and the list with one colour, without tacking any bulrushes or such like thing upon the lists, upon pain to forfeit 40 s. for every cloth. And no person shall put to sale any cloth deceitfully dyed,

   • 1813, James Haigh, The Dier's Assistant in the Art of Dying Wool and Woollen Goods:

     To die wool with madder, prepare a fresh liquor, and when the water is come to a heat to bear the hand, put in half a pound of the finest grape madder for each pound of wool;

   • 1827, John Shepard, The artist & tradesman's guide: embracing some leading facts:

     To die Wool and Woollen Cloths of a Blue Colour. One part of indigo, in four parts concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolved; then add one part of dry carbonate of potash, [...]

参考

アナグラム

• 'Eid, 'eid, -ide, DEI, EDI, EID, Eid, IDE, IED, Ide, eid, ide

Latin

発音

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈdi.eː/, [ˈd̪ieː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈdi.e/, [ˈd̪iːe]

名詞

diē m or f

1. ablative singular of diēs (“day”)

   Sine die.

   Without a day.